﻿288 
  Jaggar^ 
  — 
  Lava 
  Flow 
  from 
  Manna 
  Loa, 
  1916. 
  

  

  diagram, 
  fig. 
  1, 
  summarizes 
  the 
  relations 
  of 
  the 
  outbreaks 
  to 
  

   local 
  seismicity 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  fluctuations 
  of 
  Kilauea 
  lava. 
  Con- 
  

   templation 
  of 
  the 
  Kilauea 
  curve 
  leaves 
  little 
  doubt, 
  to 
  the 
  

   writer's 
  thinking, 
  that 
  the 
  Manna 
  Loa 
  and 
  Kilauea 
  lava 
  

   columns 
  are 
  connected, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  connection 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  cor- 
  

   related 
  gas 
  vents 
  and 
  not 
  that 
  of 
  hydrostatic 
  siphon 
  tubes. 
  

   The 
  Kilauea 
  spurts 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  gas 
  pressure 
  accumula- 
  

   tion 
  probably 
  in 
  Maun 
  a 
  Loa 
  chambers, 
  relieved 
  by 
  gas 
  dis- 
  

   charge, 
  along 
  with 
  seismic 
  jarring, 
  at 
  intervals, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  induce 
  

   Kilauea 
  subsidence. 
  The 
  gas 
  discharge 
  in 
  the 
  larger 
  unplug- 
  

   gings 
  of 
  the 
  Mauna 
  Loa 
  rift 
  carries 
  magma 
  foam 
  with 
  it, 
  in- 
  

   ducing 
  central 
  and 
  summit 
  eruption 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  

   eruptive 
  period, 
  and 
  lateral 
  fissure 
  eruption 
  at 
  the 
  end. 
  Floods 
  

   of 
  highly 
  vesicular 
  olivine 
  basalt 
  accompanied 
  both 
  initial 
  and 
  

   final 
  eruptions, 
  and 
  high 
  fume 
  jets 
  initiated 
  both 
  outpourings. 
  

   Kilauea 
  as 
  a 
  decadent 
  volcano 
  of 
  older 
  origin, 
  acting 
  as 
  a 
  gas 
  

   pressure-gauge 
  adjacent 
  to 
  and 
  partially 
  buried 
  by 
  the 
  young 
  

   and 
  vigorous 
  Mauna 
  Loa,* 
  becomes 
  much 
  more 
  intelligible 
  

   than 
  the 
  steaming 
  Kilauea 
  of 
  nineteenth-century 
  geology. 
  We 
  

   have 
  to 
  thank 
  Albert 
  Brun 
  for 
  inaugurating, 
  by 
  controversy 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  by 
  contribution, 
  f 
  the 
  new 
  conception 
  of 
  volcanoes 
  

   as 
  gas-engines 
  and 
  not 
  as 
  steam-engines. 
  

  

  Hawaiian 
  Volcano 
  Observatory, 
  

   Nov. 
  25, 
  1916. 
  

  

  * 
  Cross 
  of 
  Hawaii, 
  by 
  T. 
  A. 
  Jaggar, 
  Annual 
  Honolulu 
  Chamber 
  of 
  Com- 
  

   merce, 
  1912. 
  

  

  f 
  A. 
  Brun, 
  Recherches 
  sur 
  l'exhalaison 
  volcanique, 
  Paris, 
  Hermann, 
  1911. 
  

  

  E. 
  A. 
  Daly, 
  The 
  nature 
  of 
  volcanic 
  action, 
  Proc. 
  Amer. 
  Acad. 
  Arts 
  and 
  

   Sci., 
  vol. 
  xlvii, 
  No. 
  3, 
  June 
  1911. 
  

  

  F. 
  A. 
  Perret, 
  Volcanic 
  vortex 
  rings, 
  etc., 
  this 
  Journal, 
  Nov. 
  1912, 
  p. 
  405 
  ; 
  

   The 
  Ascent 
  of 
  lava, 
  this 
  Journal, 
  Dec. 
  1913, 
  p. 
  605 
  ; 
  Volcanic 
  Research 
  at 
  

   Kilauea 
  in 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1911, 
  this 
  Journal, 
  xxxv, 
  139, 
  273, 
  337, 
  469, 
  611 
  ; 
  

   xxxvi, 
  151. 
  

  

  A. 
  L. 
  Day 
  and 
  E. 
  S. 
  Shepherd, 
  "Water 
  and 
  volcanic 
  activity, 
  Bull. 
  Geol. 
  

   Soc. 
  Amer., 
  vol. 
  xxiv, 
  pp. 
  17-27, 
  Dec. 
  1913. 
  

  

  