﻿Q 
  

  

  72 
  W. 
  II 
  Tivenhofel 
  — 
  Granite 
  Bowlders 
  in 
  (f 
  ) 
  

  

  A 
  possible 
  source 
  for 
  the 
  bowlders 
  is 
  the 
  drift 
  of 
  the 
  Kan- 
  

   san 
  ice 
  sheet. 
  The 
  nearest 
  locality 
  of 
  its 
  occurrence 
  is 
  about 
  

   seventy 
  -live 
  miles 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  where 
  bowlders 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  

   considerable 
  numbers 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  Wakarusa 
  Creek 
  and 
  a 
  

   few 
  occur 
  on 
  the 
  hill 
  slopes 
  which 
  limit 
  the 
  valley 
  on 
  the 
  

   south. 
  The 
  map, 
  tig. 
  1, 
  shows 
  the 
  general 
  facts 
  of 
  the 
  distri- 
  

   bution 
  of 
  the 
  Kansan 
  drift 
  and 
  the 
  nearest 
  southern 
  limit 
  of 
  

   the 
  ice. 
  Between 
  the 
  Wakarusa 
  Valley 
  and 
  Rose 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  

   bowlders, 
  the 
  bowlders 
  at 
  the 
  former 
  place 
  are 
  dominantly 
  

   red 
  quartzite 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  drainage 
  from 
  the 
  former 
  to 
  the 
  

   latter 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  none 
  since 
  the 
  Kansan 
  glacial 
  advance. 
  

   This 
  must 
  also, 
  therefore, 
  be 
  eliminated 
  as 
  a 
  source. 
  

  

  Other 
  sources 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  bowlders 
  might 
  have 
  come 
  

   are 
  the 
  Arbuckle 
  and 
  Wichita 
  mountains 
  of 
  Oklahoma, 
  and 
  

   the 
  old 
  mountains 
  of 
  southeastern 
  Missouri, 
  the 
  former 
  being 
  

   about 
  two 
  hundred 
  and 
  twenty-five 
  miles 
  away 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  

   more 
  than 
  three 
  hundred. 
  There 
  has 
  been 
  no 
  drainage 
  in 
  the 
  

   direction 
  of 
  Rose 
  from 
  these 
  regions 
  since 
  the 
  Cretaceous. 
  

   The 
  reverse 
  was 
  true 
  during 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Mesozoic, 
  but 
  there 
  

   is 
  no 
  evidence 
  that 
  any 
  of 
  these 
  ancient 
  streams 
  were 
  of 
  high 
  

   gradient 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  Rose 
  and 
  hence 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  improbable 
  

   that 
  the 
  bowlders 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  carried 
  by 
  them, 
  and, 
  if 
  so 
  

   carried, 
  unless 
  they 
  were 
  covered 
  by 
  Mesozoic 
  sediments, 
  for 
  

   which 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  evidence 
  whatever, 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  to 
  explain 
  

   how 
  they 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  preserved 
  through 
  the 
  long 
  interval 
  

   of 
  time 
  which 
  has 
  elapsed 
  since 
  the 
  drainage 
  was 
  reversed 
  and 
  

   through 
  the 
  erosion 
  which 
  the 
  region 
  has 
  undergone. 
  They 
  

   might 
  have 
  been 
  deposited 
  by 
  streams 
  of 
  Pennsylvanian 
  age 
  

   and 
  subsequently 
  covered 
  by 
  Pennsylvanian 
  sediments. 
  In 
  

   this 
  way 
  they 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  preserved. 
  The 
  sediments, 
  

   however, 
  with 
  which 
  they 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  associated 
  were 
  depos- 
  

   ited 
  in 
  quiet 
  waters 
  — 
  waters 
  absolutely 
  unable 
  to 
  transport 
  

   bowlders 
  of 
  the 
  sizes 
  of 
  those 
  which 
  are 
  present. 
  Streams, 
  

   hence, 
  must 
  be 
  discarded 
  as 
  possible 
  agents 
  of 
  deposition. 
  

  

  It 
  may 
  be 
  assumed 
  that 
  somewhere 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  in 
  Penn- 
  

   sylvanian 
  times 
  there 
  rose 
  a 
  granite 
  mass 
  from 
  which 
  bowl- 
  

   ders 
  rolled 
  as 
  talus 
  to 
  the 
  places 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  now 
  found. 
  

   The 
  strata 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  are 
  almost 
  horizontal 
  and 
  if 
  a 
  granite 
  

   mass 
  projecting 
  above 
  the 
  present 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  bowlders 
  were 
  

   once 
  present, 
  it 
  seems 
  that 
  somewhere 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  it 
  should 
  

   still 
  project 
  through 
  the 
  sediments 
  which 
  lie 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  level 
  

   as 
  the 
  bowlders. 
  There 
  is 
  absolutely 
  no 
  evidence 
  that 
  such 
  is 
  

   the 
  case. 
  

  

  The 
  last 
  possibility 
  is 
  that 
  ice 
  was 
  the 
  agent 
  of 
  transporta- 
  

   tion. 
  This 
  alone 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  competent 
  to 
  carry 
  bowlders 
  

   of 
  the 
  sizes 
  which 
  are 
  present. 
  Ice 
  could 
  have 
  brought 
  about 
  

   the 
  transportation 
  either 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  glacier 
  or 
  as 
  floating 
  

  

  