﻿the 
  Pennsylvania 
  a 
  Strata 
  of 
  Kansas. 
  375 
  

  

  there 
  are 
  no 
  granitic 
  fragments 
  excepting 
  such 
  as 
  have 
  clearly 
  

   been 
  carried 
  down 
  the 
  slope 
  and 
  they, 
  in 
  general, 
  are 
  so 
  rare 
  

   as 
  to 
  be 
  negligible. 
  On 
  the 
  south, 
  east 
  and 
  west 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  

   anticlinal 
  structure 
  no 
  bowlders 
  were 
  observed, 
  although 
  ex- 
  

   posures 
  are 
  equally 
  as 
  good 
  as 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  side, 
  since 
  erosion 
  

   in 
  numerous 
  places 
  has 
  reached 
  the 
  Stanton 
  limestone. 
  Stat- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  matter 
  differently, 
  the 
  large 
  bowlders 
  occur 
  over 
  a 
  

   quite 
  limited 
  area 
  and 
  appear 
  to 
  coincide 
  with 
  a 
  definite 
  and 
  

   limited 
  horizon 
  in 
  the 
  LePoy 
  shales. 
  In 
  every 
  instance 
  they 
  

   rest 
  on 
  shales 
  and 
  shales 
  arise 
  around 
  some 
  of 
  them, 
  but 
  in 
  no 
  

   instance 
  were 
  shales 
  seen 
  to 
  overlie 
  bowlders. 
  A 
  few 
  quartz 
  

   veins 
  were 
  observed 
  in 
  the 
  shales 
  just 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  school 
  

   house 
  (see 
  map, 
  tig. 
  2), 
  but 
  these 
  can 
  have 
  no 
  significance 
  in 
  

   relation 
  to 
  the 
  granite 
  bowlders. 
  

  

  Two 
  alternative 
  views 
  are 
  therefore 
  presented 
  ; 
  namely, 
  the 
  

   bowlders 
  are 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  Pennsylvanian 
  strata 
  and 
  are 
  of 
  com- 
  

   paratively 
  recent 
  age, 
  or 
  the 
  bowlders 
  are 
  in 
  the 
  Pennsylvanian 
  

   strata 
  and 
  are 
  contemporaneous 
  in 
  origin 
  with 
  the 
  shales 
  on 
  

   which 
  they 
  rest 
  and 
  which 
  in 
  some 
  instances 
  rise 
  above 
  their 
  

   bases. 
  Each 
  of 
  these 
  two 
  views 
  will 
  be 
  examined 
  in 
  detail. 
  

  

  The 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  view 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  bowlders 
  lie 
  on 
  

   the 
  surface 
  and 
  that 
  in 
  no 
  instance 
  were 
  shales 
  seen 
  to 
  cover 
  

   them. 
  Not 
  even 
  a 
  small 
  bowlder 
  was 
  seen 
  overlain 
  by 
  shales 
  ; 
  

   but, 
  as 
  already 
  has 
  been 
  stated, 
  it 
  appears 
  quite 
  probable 
  that 
  

   no 
  or 
  few 
  small 
  bowlders 
  were 
  originally 
  present. 
  Opposing 
  

   this 
  view 
  are 
  the 
  facts 
  favoring 
  the 
  other, 
  which 
  will 
  be 
  con- 
  

   sidered 
  in 
  a 
  subsequent 
  paragraph, 
  and 
  the 
  difficulty 
  of 
  ex- 
  

   plaining 
  how 
  the 
  bowlders 
  attained 
  their 
  present 
  positions 
  on 
  

   the 
  headwaters 
  of 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  stream. 
  As 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  

   shown, 
  ice 
  was 
  in 
  all 
  probability 
  the 
  agent 
  of 
  transportation, 
  

   but 
  the 
  bowlders 
  are 
  not 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  age 
  as 
  the 
  Kansan 
  glacial 
  

   bowlders 
  farther 
  north. 
  They 
  are 
  certainly 
  older. 
  The 
  

   bowlders 
  of 
  the 
  Kansan 
  ice 
  sheet 
  are 
  dominantly 
  red 
  quartzite, 
  

   probably 
  seventy-five 
  per 
  cent 
  of 
  them 
  being 
  composed 
  of 
  that 
  

   rock, 
  but 
  not 
  a 
  single 
  red 
  quartzite 
  bowlder 
  occurs 
  at 
  Rose, 
  

   while 
  the 
  two 
  quartzite 
  bowlders 
  which 
  were 
  seen 
  there 
  

   resemble 
  quartzites 
  which 
  outcrop 
  near 
  the 
  village 
  of 
  Middle- 
  

   town, 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  miles 
  to 
  the 
  southwest, 
  and 
  they 
  may 
  have 
  

   come 
  from 
  there 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  resemblance 
  is 
  not 
  sufficiently 
  close 
  

   to 
  say 
  positively 
  that 
  they 
  do. 
  Perhaps 
  the 
  Pose 
  bowlders 
  

   are 
  the 
  deposits 
  of 
  a 
  glacial 
  advance 
  of 
  pre-Kansan 
  time, 
  that 
  

   is, 
  very 
  early 
  Pleistocene 
  — 
  the 
  sub-Aftonian, 
  — 
  or 
  perhaps 
  

   Tertiary. 
  In 
  that 
  case, 
  the 
  ice 
  advancing 
  from 
  the 
  north 
  

   crossed 
  and 
  filled 
  the 
  valleys 
  of 
  the 
  Wakarusa, 
  Osage 
  and 
  

   Neosho 
  rivers, 
  each 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  now 
  trenched 
  from 
  one 
  hundred 
  

   to 
  two 
  hundred 
  feet 
  below 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  uplands; 
  or 
  per- 
  

   haps 
  these 
  valleys 
  were 
  not 
  in 
  existence 
  at 
  that 
  time. 
  On 
  this 
  

  

  Am. 
  Jour. 
  Sci. 
  — 
  Fourth 
  Series, 
  Vol. 
  XLIII, 
  No. 
  257. 
  — 
  Mat, 
  1917. 
  

   26 
  

  

  