﻿208 
  E. 
  W. 
  Berry 
  — 
  Evolution 
  of 
  Plants 
  and 
  Animals. 
  

  

  ozoic, 
  was 
  an 
  exceedingly 
  great 
  step 
  in 
  advance 
  over 
  the 
  

   spore-forming 
  habit 
  of 
  the 
  earlier 
  stocks 
  — 
  the 
  present 
  day 
  

   dominance 
  of 
  the 
  seed 
  plants 
  furnishing 
  the 
  proof 
  of 
  this 
  

   statement, 
  if 
  proof 
  be 
  considered 
  necessary. 
  Fruit 
  form- 
  

   ing, 
  which 
  is 
  of 
  a 
  different 
  category 
  from 
  seed 
  formation, 
  

   is 
  not 
  only 
  a 
  protective 
  device 
  for 
  the 
  seeds 
  with 
  their 
  

   concentrated 
  food 
  stuffs 
  stored 
  away 
  for 
  utilization 
  by 
  

   the 
  germinating 
  plantlet, 
  it 
  is 
  also 
  the 
  great 
  factor 
  in 
  

   distribution. 
  

  

  The 
  methods 
  by 
  which 
  this 
  is 
  effected 
  are 
  endless, 
  in- 
  

   cluding 
  wings 
  for 
  flying, 
  hooks 
  and 
  burrs 
  for 
  clinging, 
  

   tension 
  apparatuses 
  for 
  forcibly 
  expelling 
  the 
  seeds, 
  vari- 
  

   ous 
  floating 
  devices, 
  birdlime-like 
  outer 
  surfaces 
  for 
  

   sticking 
  to 
  birds 
  or 
  mammals, 
  soft 
  attractive 
  pulps 
  en- 
  

   closing 
  crustaceous 
  seeds 
  that 
  pass 
  uninjured 
  through 
  the 
  

   alimentary 
  canals 
  of 
  birds, 
  and 
  a 
  thousand 
  and 
  one 
  other 
  

   methods. 
  

  

  The 
  trends 
  of 
  floral 
  evolution 
  afford 
  an 
  analogous 
  ex- 
  

   ample 
  of 
  correlated 
  modifications 
  between 
  the 
  animal 
  and 
  

   plant 
  kingdoms. 
  The 
  floral 
  envelopes 
  of 
  primitive 
  or 
  

   anemophilous 
  flowers 
  are 
  inconspicuous 
  scales 
  serving 
  

   merely 
  for 
  protective 
  purposes. 
  In 
  the 
  specialized 
  or 
  

   entomophilous 
  flowers 
  these 
  scales 
  have 
  been 
  replaced 
  by 
  

   more 
  or 
  less 
  conspicuous, 
  often 
  highly 
  specialized 
  and 
  

   brightly 
  colored 
  floral 
  parts, 
  results 
  of 
  the 
  advantages 
  of 
  

   cross 
  fertilization 
  through 
  the 
  agency 
  of 
  insect 
  and 
  bird 
  

   visitors. 
  Enthusiastic 
  students 
  have 
  frequently 
  insisted 
  

   on 
  the 
  extent 
  to 
  which 
  flower 
  and 
  insect 
  structures 
  have 
  

   been 
  influenced 
  by 
  these 
  mutually 
  beneficial 
  adaptations. 
  

  

  A 
  somewhat 
  similar 
  modification 
  has 
  taken 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  

   fruits 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  flowering 
  plants, 
  and 
  

   there 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  to 
  doubt 
  that 
  the 
  bloom, 
  odor, 
  color 
  

   and 
  flavor 
  of 
  the 
  pulpy 
  fruits 
  are 
  adaptations 
  for 
  their 
  

   distribution 
  by 
  animals 
  — 
  chiefly 
  birds. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  vast 
  

   volume 
  of 
  literature 
  relating 
  to 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  plants 
  

   by 
  birds 
  but 
  the 
  extent 
  to 
  which 
  birds 
  are 
  factors 
  in 
  the 
  

   distribution 
  of 
  perishable 
  seeds 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  peas, 
  beans 
  

   or 
  grains 
  is 
  not 
  generally 
  realized. 
  In 
  our 
  latitudes 
  these 
  

   types 
  of 
  seeds 
  are 
  ripe 
  at 
  about 
  the 
  time 
  that 
  the 
  Fall 
  

   migration 
  of 
  birds 
  commences. 
  Migration 
  is, 
  however, 
  

   not 
  especially 
  relevant 
  since 
  ordinary 
  avian 
  activities 
  are 
  

   quite 
  sufficient 
  except 
  in 
  such 
  cases 
  as 
  involve 
  the 
  seed- 
  

   ing 
  of 
  insular 
  or 
  remote 
  regions. 
  Digestion 
  is 
  suspended 
  

   during 
  flight, 
  or 
  largely 
  so, 
  and 
  if 
  a 
  bird 
  with 
  a 
  full 
  crop 
  

   meets 
  an 
  untimely 
  end 
  as 
  is 
  so 
  often 
  the 
  case, 
  the 
  chances 
  

  

  