﻿E. 
  W. 
  Berry 
  — 
  Evolution 
  of 
  Plants 
  and 
  Animals. 
  209 
  

  

  of 
  uninjured 
  seeds 
  sprouting 
  from 
  the 
  crop 
  are 
  not 
  at 
  

   all 
  slim. 
  Actual 
  instances 
  have 
  been 
  recorded 
  and 
  this 
  

   must 
  happen 
  often 
  enough 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  importance. 
  The 
  

   voiding 
  or 
  passing 
  of 
  uninjured 
  seeds 
  by 
  active 
  birds 
  

   who 
  overeat 
  or 
  are 
  not 
  healthy 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  factor 
  of 
  import- 
  

   ance 
  in 
  distribution. 
  

  

  I 
  do 
  not 
  wish, 
  however, 
  to 
  dwell 
  upon 
  distribution, 
  nor 
  

   upon 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  fruits 
  as 
  influenced 
  by 
  mutual 
  

   adaptations 
  between 
  them 
  and 
  birds 
  or 
  other 
  animals. 
  

   The 
  two 
  points 
  that 
  I 
  wish 
  to 
  emphasize 
  are 
  (1) 
  The 
  ap- 
  

   proximate 
  contemporaneity 
  between 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  

   fruit 
  and 
  seed-bearing 
  plants 
  1 
  and 
  warm-blooded 
  ani- 
  

   mals, 
  and 
  (2) 
  The 
  improbability 
  of 
  the 
  evolution 
  of 
  the 
  

   latter 
  had 
  not 
  the 
  former 
  taken 
  place. 
  

  

  Turning 
  to 
  the 
  geologic 
  record 
  of 
  the 
  warm-blooded 
  

   animals, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  oldest 
  known 
  bird, 
  

   Arcliaeopteryx, 
  partly 
  reptilian 
  in 
  character, 
  comes 
  from 
  

   the 
  upper 
  Jurassic 
  and 
  was 
  a 
  carnivorous 
  type, 
  as 
  were 
  

   also 
  the 
  toothed 
  birds 
  of 
  the 
  Cretaceous. 
  There 
  are 
  no 
  

   records 
  of 
  f 
  rugivorous 
  birds, 
  or 
  in 
  fact 
  any 
  modern 
  birds 
  

   until 
  a 
  time 
  subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  differentiation 
  of 
  numerous 
  

   families 
  of 
  flowering 
  plants. 
  

  

  The 
  geologic 
  record 
  of 
  the 
  primitive 
  mammals 
  is 
  ex- 
  

   ceedingly 
  imperfect. 
  The 
  earliest 
  known 
  are 
  recorded 
  

   from 
  the 
  upper 
  Trias 
  sic 
  of 
  Europe, 
  North 
  America 
  

   (Keuper 
  of 
  North 
  Carolina) 
  and 
  South 
  Africa 
  (Storm- 
  

   berg 
  beds). 
  Essentially 
  similar 
  Prototherian 
  or 
  Meta- 
  

   therian 
  types 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  the 
  Stonesfield 
  slates 
  and 
  

   Purbeck 
  beds 
  of 
  England, 
  in 
  the 
  supposed 
  Jurassic 
  of 
  

   South 
  Africa, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Cretaceous 
  of 
  North 
  America, 
  

   and 
  possibly 
  Patagonia. 
  They 
  survived 
  as 
  the 
  archaic 
  

   mammals 
  of 
  the 
  earliest 
  known 
  Eocene 
  (Paleocene 
  of 
  

   authors) 
  terrestrial 
  faunas. 
  

  

  Disregarding 
  the 
  obvious 
  elements 
  of 
  unreliability 
  in 
  

   all 
  estimates 
  of 
  the 
  duration 
  of 
  geologic 
  time, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  

   without 
  significance 
  that 
  most 
  estimates 
  of 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  

   time 
  between 
  the 
  oldest 
  known 
  mammals 
  of 
  the 
  Trias 
  sic 
  

   and 
  the 
  great 
  evolutionary 
  deployment 
  of 
  their 
  stock 
  in 
  

   the 
  Eocene, 
  are 
  much 
  longer 
  than 
  the 
  interval 
  between 
  the 
  

   first 
  appearance 
  of 
  modern 
  types 
  and 
  their 
  culmination 
  

   in 
  the 
  Pleistocene 
  in 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  mammalian 
  families 
  in- 
  

   cluding 
  the 
  pre-human 
  and 
  human 
  races. 
  Measured 
  in 
  

   results 
  the 
  differentiation 
  of 
  birds 
  and 
  mammals 
  in 
  the 
  

   relatively 
  short 
  Cenozoic 
  was 
  far 
  more 
  profound 
  than 
  

  

  *I 
  refer, 
  of 
  course, 
  to 
  the 
  angiosperm 
  phylum. 
  

  

  