44 Artiodactyla — Hippopotami, etc. 



Chelmsford. Essex; in great abundance at Barrington, Cam- 

 bridge ; in the Onse near Bedford ; and many remains have been 

 obtained in the valley of the Thames both in and around London. 

 In Pier-case, ~No. 11, are exhibited a very fine and nearly per- 

 fect lower jaw of Hippiopotamus ampTiioius, from the Pleistocene 

 deposits of Barrington, near Cambridge; and another equally 

 well-preserved example from the Upper Pliocene of Mt. Perrier, 

 Puy de Dome, France. A skull and mandible of the living 

 African Hippopotamus is also placed here for comparison. 

 Table-case, Here are placed the fossil remains of two species of dwarf 



No. 6. Hippopotami, the smaller of which (H. minuhis) is from Pleis- 



tocene deposits in the Island of Malta, and was probably a con- 

 Pier-case, temporary of the pigmy Elephants. The other (H. Pentlandi) 

 No. 11. -was obtained from the Grotta cli Maccagnone, near Palermo in 



Sicily. So abundant were the remains of these animals in the 

 various caverns near Palermo that for many years their bones 

 were exported, by shiploads, to England and Marseilles for the 

 manufacture of animal charcoal for sugar-refining. Two hundred 

 tons were removed from one cave (San Ciro) in six months. 

 Dr. Falconer writes that literally tens of thousands of two 

 species of Hippopotami have been found fossil in Sicily. He 

 points out that, at the time these animals lived, Sicily was con- 

 nected by land with North. Africa, and that Malta and Sicily 

 must have been continuous. (See " Falconer's Palasontological 

 Memoirs," 1868, 8vo, vol. ii., pp. 544-553.) 



Another small species of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus 

 madagascariensis) formerly existed in Madagascar, but is now 

 quite extinct. This species is represented in the collection 

 by numerous skulls and limb-bones which are exhibited in 

 Pier-case No. 11, and Table-case 4. 



Fig. 53. — Third right lower true molar of S<<.? crigtatuq (Wagner), Pliocene, India. 

 a, d, middle columns of talon of tooth. 



On the other side of the Table-case are placed limb-bones,, 

 vertebrae, and teeth of Hippopotami from the Older Pliocene 

 deposits of the Siwalik Hills, India (most of which have been 

 figured in Falconer and Cautley's " Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis"), 

 together with teeth and various remains from the Pleistocene 

 deposits at Barrington, near Cambridge, and from Norfolk, with 

 others from Walton, Grays, and Chelmsford, Essex ; and from 

 Green wieh, Kent. 



