20 



Proboscidea — Mastodon. 



North side, 

 Table-case, 

 No. S3. 



India. Of these there are some very perfect remains, including 

 about eight skulls. The specimens of M. angustidens and M. 

 longirostris show clearly that this old type of proboscidean had 

 tusks, or incisor teeth, in both the upper and lower jaws, as 

 represented in Fig. 14, p. 13, and in Fig. 26, p. 19. 



In the Table-case are arranged a large series of the molar 

 teeth of various species of Mastodon from the Red Crag of 

 Suffolk, from Eppelsheim, from India, and from Missouri and 

 Kentticky, in North America, showing all stages of growth and 

 wear, from the milk-teeth to the last true molars of very aged 

 animals. 



Fig. 27. -Portion of right side of palate of a very young individual cf Elephas primigen- 

 ius (Blum.), showing milk-molars 2 (d 1) and 3 (d 2), a. the anterior root of milk 

 molar 2 ; from the Creswell Crag Cave, Derbyshire (natural size). 

 (Sen Table-case, No. 17a.) 



Geographi- 

 cal Range 

 of the 



Mastodon & 

 Elephant. 



The 

 Mammoth 



Hair of the 

 Mammoth : 



Twenty-six species of Mastodon have been found over an 

 area extending from England through France, Germany, Switzer- 

 land, Italy, to Greece, Samos, Persia, Armenia, India, and Ava; 

 they occur also both in North and South America. There are 

 fifteen species of fossil Elephants whose range was coextensive 

 with that of the Mastodons, and embraced in addition the whole 

 of Africa and the Northern seaboard of the Asiatic and North 

 American continents. 



Most abundant remains of one species, the " Mammoth " 

 (Elejjhas primigenius), have been found in the frozen soil of 

 the vast alluvial plains, called " tundras," intersected by the 

 rivers Yenesei, Irtish, Obi, Indigirka, Lena, &c. In several in- 

 stances, entire individuals have been found, so completely 

 frozen, as to have retained the skin with the flesh as well as 

 the skeleton : the bodv beino- covered with reddish hair and 



