58 Artiodactyla — Gazelles, Goats, and Sheep. 



genus from the Middle Miocene of France ; Pal&otragus and 

 Tragoceros from the Lower Pliocene of Greece, Samos, and 

 Persia, belong to this division. 



(2.) The Alcelaphine antelopes have recurved and lyre-shaped 

 horns, but no supraorbital pit in the skull. Alcelaphus is fossil 

 in the Lower Pliocene of India and in Algeria. 



(3.) The Cephalopine forms are of small size, living in Africa 

 and India ; fossil species perhaps occur in the latter country. 



(4.) The Cervicaprine type are lai^ge African antelopes, with 

 hornless females ; one genus, Cobus, occurs fossil in India. 



(5.) The Antilopine section resembles the last ; the pits in 

 the skull above the eyes are large, and the teeth are "hypsodont,"* 

 like those of the sheep. A. cervicapra occurs both living and 

 fossil in India. The Siberian Saiga tartarica was once common 

 to the whole of northern Europe, and its bones have been found 

 in many cave-deposits. 



The African and Asiatic Gazelles, with lyrate, laterally- 

 compressed horns, are represented by Gazella deperdita in the 

 Pliocene of Greece, Samos. and Persia ; by 6?. anglica in the 

 Norfolk Forest-bed, and by G. porrecticomis in the Siwalik 

 formation of India, and others. 



(6.) The African Eippotragine type occurs fossil both in 

 Europe and Asia. Sippotragus sivalensis is fossil in India ; 

 Palaioryx in the Pliocene of France, Greece, Samos, Asia Minor, 

 and Persia ; the horns are long, straight and backwardly 

 curved ; they have no supraorbital pit in the skull and the teeth 

 are like those of oxen. 



(7.) The Tragelaphine antelopes include the Nilghai 

 (Boselaphus) of India, and the Kudu (Strepsiceros), Tragelaphus 

 and Oreas in Africa ; fossil forms of Boselaphus ocenr in the 

 Narbada valley, India. Paloioreas and Protragelaphus (related 

 to the living African species) are found in the Lower Pliocene 

 of France, Greece, Persia, and Algeria. 



(8.) The Riipicaprine type includes only the Alpine Chamois, 

 whose remains also occur in many cave-deposits. 



Caprine, goats and sheep, form a distinct section of the 

 Bovidae, marked by laterally compressed and angulated horn- 

 cores, " hypsodont " teeth, and the absence of lachrymal vacuity 

 in the skull beneath the eye. The horns are either curved back 

 as in the Ibex, spirally twisted as in the " Markhoor," or with a 

 peculiar outward curvature and twist, as in the Sheep. The 

 Goat (Capra hircus) is not uncommon in the Fens and other 

 superficial deposits and in caves in England. In the Pliocene 

 of India several species of Goat have been met with, including 

 Bu capra, an extinct hornless form with teeth resembling those 

 of Oxen. The remains of the Pyrenean Ibex (C. pyreniaca) are 



* "Hypsodont," teeth with high crowns. 



