378 NOTES ON THE CANID^ OF THE WHITE RIVER OLIGOCENE. 



none of the sjieciruens is the series preserved entire. Probably, however, these vertebrae 

 numbered thirteen, as is commonly the case among the recent representatives of the 

 family. The specimen of C. geisviarianus figured by Cope ('85, PL LXX«) has the 

 posterior ten thoracics in place, and there must have been at least three additional ones. 

 The anterior vertebras of this region have very small, contracted centra, but long and 

 prominent transverse processes and neural spines which are relatively higher and more 

 slender than in Cam's, and are also inclined more strongly backward than in the latter. 

 Posteriorly the centra become longer, broader and more depressed, and are quite distinctly 

 keeled in the median ventral line. In addition to this median keel are two shorter and less 

 prominent lateral ridges, which, however, terminate behind in distinct tubercles and thus 

 give a very characteristic appearance to these vertebras. The transverse processes become 

 more and more shortened and the neural spines lower, less strongly inclined, but more 

 comj)ressed and broadened at the base (antero-posteriorly). The antepenultimate thoracic 

 (presumably the eleventh) is the anticlinal vertebra, of which the neural spine is low, 

 broad, compressed and erect. The penultimate ('.' twelfth) and last (? thirteenth) thora- 

 cics are very much like lumbars in appearance and structure, but have no transverse 

 processes, while in Cants these processes, though small, are quite distinct on the twelfth 

 and thirteenth thoracics. Large, heavy and prominent anapophyses and metapophyses 

 are present on the last two thoracic-. 



Of lumbar vertebrae this genus probably possessed seven, that many being preserved 

 in position and in connection both with the thoracics and with the sacrum in Cope's speci- 

 men of C. geismariarms. In the White River material at my command not more than 

 five lumbars have been found in association witli any one individual, but the series is 

 obviously incomplete, and there is no reason to suppose that C. grcgarins differed in this 

 respect from the John Day species. The lumbar region is proportionately long and stout 

 and the individual vertebrae are quite massively constructed {i.e. for so small an animal), 

 indicating a powerful musculature in this region. The centra increase in length up to 

 that of the penultimate vertebra, while the first and the last are the shortest of the 

 series. These centra are broad and depressed, and bear distinct median ventral keels, 

 while the lateral ridges and tubercles are present on the first two vertebra', but not on 

 the last three. The faces are kidney-shaped, slightly convex in front and concave 

 behind, and are placed obliquely with reference to the long axis of the centra. This 

 obliquity is to provide for the curvature of the loins, which rise to the pelvis, the rump 

 standing considerably higher than the shoulders. The transverse processes, which are 

 quite short on the anterior lumbars, increase steadily in length up to the sixth, where 

 they become very long: they arc slender, depressed, pointed and curved forward. The 

 neural spines are low. compressed and thin, broad at the base, narrow and pointed at 



