ELEPHANT AND MASTODON. 47 



ridges of the last molar do not exceed eight in the upper jaw, and 

 nine in the lower ; while in E. insignia they amount to ten in the 

 former, and reach as many as thirteen in the latter. The last 

 tooth of the upper jaw measures eleven inches in length, by four 

 and a half in width. This species will be described in detail in a 

 subsequent chapter. 



The same group comprises a fourth extinct Indian species, 

 named in this work, E. Cliftii, which furnishes the next link 

 in the chain of forms presented by the molars of the Elephan- 

 tidae. It is not figured among the sections in pi. 3. In our 

 view, the tooth represented in pi. 39, fig. 6, of Mr. Cliffs 

 memoir in the Geological Transactions, under the name of Mas- 

 todon Elephantoides, and the palate specimen represented in 

 pi. 36 of the same memoir, under the name of M. latidens, 

 belong to this species. 1 The reasons for this opinion will be given, 

 along with the detailed description of the species. The penulti- 

 mate and antepenultimate molars in the upper jaw have only six 

 transverse ridges, continuous, and chevron shaped, with numerous 

 mammillae, as in E. insignis and E. Ganesa ; but the cement does 

 not fill up the interspaces of the ridges, being reduced to a com- 

 paratively inconsiderable quantity in the bottom of the hollows. 

 E. CUftii, in the reduced number of the coronal ridges, and in the 

 other characters of the teeth, appears to constitute the dental link 

 which forms the immediate passage from Elephas into Mastodon. 

 Mr. Clift, in reference to his M. Elephantoides, and M. latilens, 

 has justly remarked, that, " On an examination of the structure of 

 the teeth, this discovery" (viz. of these two species) " will be 

 found to have still higher claims to attention ; for it illustrates the 

 gradual shades of difference by which nature passes almost imper- 

 ceptibly from one form to another, and helps to fill up the interval 

 which has hitherto separated the Mastodon from the Elephant." 2 



The three species last described, along with E. insignis, con- 

 stitute a peculiar section of Elephas, of nearly equivalent value 

 to the section which includes E. primigenius, E. Indicus, and 



1 Geol. Trans. 2nd Ser. vol. ii. p. 369. 2 Idem, loc. cit. p. 370. 



