28 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



the formation. It is now lodged in the. Museum at Norwich, and is the 

 specimen which first convinced me many years ago that the " Crag " 

 yielded a species of Elephant entirely distinct from the Mammoth and 

 from E. antiquus. It is represented, one-third of the natural size, by 

 figs. 18 and 18 a of PL XIV. B., under the misnomer already explained, 

 of Elephas antiquus, in the " Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis." It is the last 

 true molar, lower jaw, right side, showing eleven principal ridges, an 

 anterior talon, and a back talon limited to a single thick digitation. 

 The first five ridges are slightly worn, the rest being intact. The fangs 

 are broken off, but the definition of the anterior large fang is distinctly 

 traceable. The cement over the surface generally has been decomposed 

 or denuded, and is replaced by a crust of Crag matrix, of a very rusty 

 appeai-ance, filling the interspaces. The anterior talon thins off from 

 the outside inwards, and is considerably narrower than the first ridge, 

 of which the inner edge is broken. The apices of the ridges, from the 

 second to the fifth inclusive, are all more or less fractured, and the 

 digitations present very thick enamel. The sixth, seventh, and eighth 

 ridges show each about four thick digitations ; the ninth and tenth from 

 four to five, converging ; and the eleventh four digitations, the inner- 

 most of which is fractured. The definition of the base of the crown 

 behind is a little damaged, but nothing is wanting. The dimensions 

 are : — 



Extreme length of crown, 11*25 in. Width of crown in front, 3*3 in. Width at 

 fifth ridge, where the crown is broadest, 3*8 in. Extreme height of ridge, 4*8 in. 

 Width of ninth ridge, 3*5 in. Height of ninth ridge, 4*6 in. 



■ From these dimensions it is apparent that, in a length of ll£ inches, 

 there are eleven ridges, with talons, and the seven ridges from the 

 fourth to the tenth inclusive, measured along the inner wall of the 

 crown, yield a length of fully 7 inches, being an average of one plate 

 to an inch, and fully equal to the expansion of the ridges in the African 

 Elephant, or in E. (Loxodoti) planifrons. The terminal divisions of 

 the ridges form stout irregular cylinders, as thick as the little finger, 

 while in the Mammoth they are more slender and quill-shaped. The 

 digital lobes of the ridges in E. mericUonalis are so massive and distinct 

 that they have occasionally been figured and described as being of 

 Mastodon. 1 — H.F. 1857. (Reproduced in Plate VIII. of vol. ii.) 



Plate XV. 



Elephas insignis 1 (Falc. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills. 

 This is the most remarkable of all the Indian fossil Elephants. The 

 cranium is as singular and grotesque in construction as that of the 

 Dmothei'him gigan te um . 



The cranium is seen to differ remarkably from that of E. Ganesa 

 (Plates XXI. and XXLI.) notwithstanding that the molars of the two 

 species agree so closely. That of E. insignis is flattened at the top, 

 elongated from side to side and singularly modified, so as to bear an 

 analogy to the cranium of Dinotlierium giganteum, while that of E. 

 Ganesa does not differ much from the ordinary type of the Elephants. 

 (See also Plates XEIL, XLIIL. XLIV, and XL V.) — Specimen is not in 

 B.M. 



■ This is one of the forms included under Mastodon Ele-phanto'ides by Clift. See 

 notel, p. 41. 



