56 



FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



In these four plates 1 the skulls are classified, and are arranged in a 

 series forming a transition from one to the other, as follows : 2 



I. Teilophodontes. 



1. — Dinotherium giganteum (after Kaup), with two large deflected 

 tusks in lower jaw. 



2. — Dinotherium Indicum (not figured). 



3. — Mastodon Tapiroides (not figured). 



4. — Mastodon Ohioticus 3 (copied from American Phil. Transactions, 

 1838, vol. viii. Plate III., adding a tusk to lower jaw). 



5. — Mastodon angustidens (De Blainville's Osteographie, Plate III.). 



G. — Mastodon Andium (British Museum specimen). 



II. Tjgtralophodontes. 



7 Mastodon Perimensis (Indian collection, see Plates XXXVIII. 



and XXXIX.). 



8. — Mastodon Sivalensis (Indian collection, see Plates XXXII., 

 XXXIIL, and XXXIV.). 



9. — Mastodon Arvernensis (after Nesti, imperfect). 



10. — Mastodon longirostris (after Kaup, imperfect). 



11. — Mastodon latidens (not figured). 



III. Stegodontes. 



12. — Elephas Cliftii, Clift's specimen, very imperfect. 

 13. — Elephas bombifrons (Indian collection, see Plate XXVIL). 

 14. — Elephas Ganesa (Col. Baker's huge cranium in British 

 Museum, see Plate XXL). 



1 Reproduced in vol. ii. 



2 Note by Br. F. in 1857. — 'The views 

 which we entertain were fully elucidated 

 in 1847 in the four plates of outline- 

 heads, from Plate xlii. to xlv. of the 

 " Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis," where a 

 synopsis is given of all the species, fossil 

 and recent, then known. The forms 

 included under the nominal species of 

 M. angustidens of Cuvier, are there 

 ranged as four distinct species, viz. : — 

 M. (Triloph.) angustidens, M. (TrUoph.) 

 Andium, M. (Tetraloph.) longirostris, 

 and M. (Tetraloph.} Arvernensis. The 

 only change which subsequent investiga- 

 tion on fresh materials has led us to 

 make is to transfer M. Andium from the 

 stibgenus Trilophodon into that of 

 Tetralophodon.' In 1863, however, Dr. 

 F. expressed the opinion that M. Andium 

 would, after all, prove to belong to the 

 Trilophodon group (Memoir on Elephas 

 Columbi in "Nat. Hist. Rev." 1863.) 



3 Memorandum by Dr. F. on broken 

 head of Mastodon Ohioticus. — ' The 

 occiput forms a vertical plane, the con- 

 dyles being right under the base, and 

 not projecting behind. The crista galli 

 is not very large, and the ligamentary 

 depression is shallow with divergent 



lobes, broad above and narrow below. 

 The pterygoid alse of the sphenoid, 

 instead of overlapping the maxillaries 

 by a conical lamina, rise up in a rough 

 rugous stem, and are much behind the 

 last teeth, which are very divergent. 

 The pterygoids are low, but not more so 

 than (if so much as) in M. Perimensis. 



' Extreme length of cranium from 

 occiput to incisive tips, 34-2 in. Width 

 of brow at post orbitaries, 1 9 - 6 in. Width 

 at contraction of muzzle near sub-orbitary 

 foramen, 15 - 2 in. Width of nasal open- 

 ing, 5 - 4 in. Antero-posterior diameter 

 of orbit, 5 - 6 in. From anterior margin 

 of orbit to occipital plane, 22 - in. Width 

 across occipital condyles, 8'7 in. From 

 anterior margin of occipital hole to niche 

 of palate, 11 -5 in. Height of the ptery- 

 goid alae from Vidian hole, 8 - 5 in. From 

 back of molar to edge of pterygoid, 4-2 

 in. Length of molar with four ridges 

 and a heeL 67 in. Width of palate in 

 front of penultimate teeth, 3'9 in. Width 

 behind, 3"9 in. Length of palate from 

 niche to diasteme, 13- in. Interval be- 

 tween diastemal ridges at commence- 

 ment, 4'5 in. Interval between tips of 

 divergence, 5"6 in. ! ' 



