FOREST AND STREAM. 



A WEEKLY JOURNAL, 

 Devotes to Field and Aquatic Spouts, Practical Natural hibtoky, 



FlSH CULTURE, Till! PROTECTION OF l-UME, I'USBEKVATION OFFOBKSTS, 

 AND TBS INCULCATION IN Men AND WOMEN OF A 3-?A2.THT INTEREST 

 IN OOT-DoOB RECREATION AND STUDY T 



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potest and gtreatn §tfblishmg <g>ow#!it(v.. 



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NBW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 12, 1879. 



To Correspondents. 



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CALENDAR OF EVENTS FOR THE 

 COMING WEEK. 



Friday, June 13.— Illinois Slate Sportsmen's Convention, at Peoria, 

 111. TrotHng: Pittsburgh, Pa.; LyonB, N. Y.; Cedar Rapids, la.; 

 Jaokaon, Miss.; Pro3pect Park. 



•sj'j'ntaj, June h.— Schuy. kill Navy Annual Regatta. Ravenswood 

 ii k Lacrosse Clubs, Prospect Park, Brooklyn. 



Monday, June 16.— Hanlon-Elliott Rowing Match on ihe Tyne for 

 the Championship of England. Hope Rowing Club Regatta, New Or- 

 leans, La, Louisville, Ky., Shooting Tournament. 



Tuesday, June 17.— Pennsylvania State Sportsmen's Association, at 

 Huntingdon, P.:. Hope Rowing Club, as above. Lonlavilie Tourna- 

 ment, as above. 



Wednesday, June 13.— Shooting Matches at Huntingdon, Pa. Louis- 

 ville Tournament, as above. Upper Hudson Rowing Association Re- 

 ga'ta. 



Thursday, June 19.— Louisville Tournament, as above. Upper Hud- 

 son Rowing Association Regatta .- 



Pebbonal.— Mr. A. B. Lamberton, PreBt. N, Y. State As- 

 sociation for the Prot. of Game, is at the Fulton Chain of 

 Lakes, Adirondaoks, with a party. 



Gen. R. U. Sherman and son, of Utica, H. H, Thompson, 

 of Erie R. R., Messrs. H. J. Cookinham, L. B. Root, C. E. 

 Thorn, H. Lee Babcock, Mr. Roby, of Boston, P. S. Hunt 

 ley, Mr. Rochewell, of Buffalo, the artist, and some others, 

 are at Bisby Lake, in the Adirondacks. 



Hubert R. Ives of Montreal, joined Mr. Hallock at Prescott 

 last week, aud ran the rapids of the St. Lawrence with him 

 on Mr. Allan Gllmour's yacht. 



Her Royal Highness, Princess Louise, and His Excellency, 

 the Marquis of Lome, made a three days excursion last week 

 on the St. Lawrence river in the elegant steam yacht belong, 

 ing to Allan Gilmour, Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, the same 

 having been courteously tendered for their use. 



—We extend our sincerest sympathy to Mr. T. C. Banks, 

 the Business Manager of this journal, in the loss of his daugh. 

 ter, Mips Anna Thomson, aged nineteen years, who died at 

 Brookfield Centre, Conn., June 11, after a long and painful 

 illness. The funeral services will be held at the residence, 

 453 Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn ; notice of time in Friday 

 morning papers. 



Tna New Yoiik Game Bill. — At last accounts the new 

 bill had not been signed by the Governor, The old law is 

 consequently Btiil in force. 



|§^~ Fobest and Stream will be sent for six months for 

 §2 ; for three months for $ 1. To clubs of five or more, 

 per year. 



INTESTINAL PARASITES OF TROUT. 



SOME time since we published an account of some para- 

 sites found in the bodies of brook trout taken from a 

 stream in Cumberland County, Pa., with some general re- 

 marks on these parasites and their effect on the health of the 

 fish which harbored them. Since that notice was printed we 

 have received from Mr. D. W. Seiler, of Harrisburgh, Pa., 

 two of the fish from the above mentioned stream, and have 

 examined them with some care and great interest. 



This subject— the history of the internal parasites of ani- 

 mals—is one about which very little is as yet known. While 

 some hundreds of intestinal worms have been described, it is 

 still true that the work has as yet been only begun ; for it is 

 almost certain that nearly every species of the higher animals 

 has one or more of these parasites which is peculiar to itself, 

 which can come to maturity only in the body of this species. 

 It even seems true that some of these parasites owe their con- 

 tinued existence solely, as an eminent authority has said, to 

 the "peculiar relations existing between man and his brute 

 dependents." Thus, two of the most common tapeworms 

 (Tania) which afflict man, and which pass their young state 

 in the flesh of cattle and hogs respectively, appear to be 

 capable of reaching mature development only in the human 

 body. 



By far the greater part of these internal parasites belong to 

 the class of animals known as worms, and though constitut- 

 ing several distinct orders, aro grouped by naturalists under 

 the general name Helminths. These parasiteB, however, are 

 much lower in the systematic scale than the free worms, 

 which are often comparatively highly organized, having gills, 

 locomotive organs, a complex circulation, red blood, a head, 

 a mouth and eyes. The parasitic worms, on the other hand, 

 have no red blood, no special organs for breathing, and usu- 

 ally no locomotive organs. Many of them lack special sense 

 organs, and are even destitute of head and intestines. 



As has been said, these animals are extremely numerous, 

 and although additions to our knowledge of them are being 

 constantly made, we are at present very imperfectly acquaint- 

 ed with them and their habits. From the nature of the sub- 

 ject, however, it may be inferred that the life histories of the 

 different species in their main essentials bear a very close re- 

 semblance to one another. They probably all pass through a 

 series of changes somewhat like this : The eggs in sexual 

 joints, or whatever other form they may take, pass from the 

 animal harboring the adult, and, either in food or drink, are 

 taken into the stomachs of the species in which the larva? are 

 nourished. In the stomach the eggs hatch, and the larva?, 

 piercing the walls of this organ, either remain embedded in the 

 surrounding tissues, or are taken up by the blood aud carried 

 into other parts of the system, where they take up their abode. 

 Having penetrated into the flesh, they remain there enclosed 

 in small bladder-like cysts. When the flesh of the creature 

 which contains these cysts is eaten by the animal in which the 

 worm is to attain maturity, the larvae rapidly change their 

 form, and, attaching themselves, by means of the hooks with 

 which in most cases the head is armed, to the walls of the 

 stomach, they remain there, feeding on what their host eats. 

 As they grow older they increase in size, and before long be- 

 gin to cast off the sexual joints, each of which may contain 

 more than a thousand eggs. Each egg under favorable condi- 

 tions may go through this same ssrieB of changes. As the life 

 of the parasite may endure for many years, and as the joints 

 are thrown off at frequent intervals, it can readily be con- 

 ceived that one of these worms may produce several millions 

 of eggs. These remarks apply principally to the Gestodes, or 

 tapeworms. The Nematodes, or round worms, to which be- 

 long the Trichina and others less well-known, have a some- 

 what different history. 



Our examination of the fish above referred to showed that 

 they harbored no less than three different kinds of intestinal 

 parasites. In the alimentary canal of one of the fish were 

 found— still alive, though the fish was somewhat decomposed 

 —fifteen larvae, apparently of a dipterous insect ; the stomach 

 and intestine of each of the fish contained a tapeworm, that 

 in the largest, which was about five inches long, being about 

 eighteen inches in length, and in the smaller about half that 

 size. In addition to these specimens, the fish were found to 

 be absolutely swarming with small filiform worms, apparently 

 Nematodes (analogous to the pin-worm of the human race), 

 which were at the time of the receipt of the fish in a very 

 lively condition, moving about in and over the fish at quite a 

 rapid rate. 



From these facts, and from what has been previously pub- 

 lished on the subject, it will be seen that Cestode and Nema- 

 tode worms are commonly found in the Salmonidts, and we 

 have before referred to the worm Dibothrium cordiceps, which 

 is so abundant in the flesh of the trout of the Yellowstone 

 Lake and the upper portion of that river. We have fre- 

 quently seen soldiers and teamsters eat the trout afflicted with 

 the last-mentioned parasite, though for our own part we have 

 always, while in the Yellowstone region, preferred to eschew 

 trout. It is worth while, therefore, for fishermen to see that 

 their fish are carefully cleaned and thoroughly cooked before 

 being brought to the table. These intestinal worms havs cost 

 many valuable lives, and too great care cannot be exercised in 

 looking out for them. 



It is by no means certain that any disagreeable results 

 would follow the eating of the mature worms in these fish, 

 but the idea of indulging in such a diet is not a pleasant one. 

 Then, too, it is not impossible that the mature sexual joints 



of the tapeworm might hatch in the human stomach, and if 

 they should pass through its walls and, as hydatids, take up 

 their abode in the flesh, serious inconvenience, if not death, 

 might ensue. 



It is a difficult matter to suggest any remedy for these par- 

 asites in fish. In the case above referred to the feeding of 

 the trout on slaughter-house refuse may be the cause of the 

 trouble. It evidently depends on the food upon which the an- 

 imal affected with tho parasite feeds. M. Lespes fed the eggs 

 of Echinorhynchus clavieeps, an intestinal parasite, to a snail, 

 and they hatched in its intestines, the free emhryoes being 

 quite lively and active, and being furnished with two pairs of 

 hooks for boring. These embryoes presented considerable 

 resemblance to those of the tapeworm, but they failed to 

 undergo any further transformation in the snail. 



Leuckart fed the eggs of Echinorfiynchus proteus, which he 

 took from a trout, to a small crustacean {Oam.rn.arus pulex). 

 In a short time these eggs hatched, and the embryoes soon 

 made their way through the intestine into the general cavity 

 of the body, and some of them even into the limbs. In about 

 three weeks they grew larger and advanced in development, 

 the granular mas3 in the interior of their bodies showing 

 traces of a proboscis, muscles and other organs, the whole 

 becoming gradually more and more like its grandparent. 

 This organism gradually filled up the interior of the body of 

 the embryo, and at length the latter cast its skin. In order, 

 however, that this Echinorhynchus should become sexually 

 mature, it is necessary that the crustacean which harbors it 

 should be swallowed by a fish, in tho stomach of which latter 

 the parasite becomes sexually mature in about a week. A 

 species of this genus is known to infest the hog. 



It has been remarked that as fish eat fish the affliction may 

 be indefinitely propagated. This may or may not be so, for 

 we do not know whether the embryoes do or do not pass 

 their larval state in the fish. Certain it is, that the fish 

 affected with these worms will continue to spread the para- 

 sites by casting off the eggs, which will be eaten by various 

 animals, which the fish in turn will eat. Every animal 

 afflicted with one of these parasites helps in this way to 

 spread the disease. It must not be forgotten in considering 

 this subject that many of the parasites go through three 

 stages, during at least two of which they inhabit different 

 animals. 



We are strongly opposed to feeding fish on the larvse of the 

 flesh fly, more commonly known as meat maggots. It is cus- 

 tomary among some trout breeders, we know, to do this, and 

 also to feed their fish on tainted meat. It is altogether prob- 

 able that such a diet will act injuriously on the fish's general 

 health, and thus, even if detrimental to them in no other way, 

 will render them more susceptible to the attacks of various 

 parasites. 



We would recommend our readers to avoid eating fish from 

 localities where these parisites are known to abound and 

 would further advise an examination of all fish soon after their 

 capture. The present subject offers a wide and but little ex- 

 plored field to the investigator ; and it is to be hoped that, be- 

 fore long, we shall have more — and more definite— informa- 

 tion to present to our readers. 



. — ,». < 



A Little Fobbbabanoe, it You Please. — The business of 

 furnishing correct answers to the questions put to us by our 

 numerous correspondents we have always regarded ss one of 

 the most important of our editorial duties. Certainly it is 

 one which requires great care and considerable labor, and the 

 amount of time spent in preparing each week's series of an- 

 swers would, we are sure, surprise all our readers. Besides 

 the numerous questions received by letter and answered 

 through these columns, all sorts of articles are sent to us by 

 mail and express, and these we are required to identify, com- 

 ment on, and sometimes return to their owners. The man who 

 has shot a bird which is new to him sends it on to be named ; 

 he would also like to have us take it to a reliable taxidermist, 

 have it mounted (pay the bill we presume), and return to him. 

 Some one else having obtained a small mammal, with which 

 he is unacquainted, forwards it asking what it is. He may live 

 a thousand miles away, but, no matter what the weather is, 

 he sends his specimen without taking the trouble to preserve 

 it in any way. Now, in winter, this does not make so much 

 difference, but when the warm days of May and June are at 

 hand it is expecting rather too much of the editors to assume 

 that they are willing to handle and have about the office such 

 reeking masses of putrescence as these specimens soon become. 

 It is but very little trouble to put small specimens into a bottle 

 of alcohol, and large ones can be skinned, and the skins with 

 the skulls sent to us. We are glad to be of assistance to our 

 readers in any way, and take great pains to make our answers 

 clear, correct and concise, but we rnuBt crave a little indulg- 

 ence in the matter of which we have spoken. 

 ^~# — . 



The Agile Toeso ok the Boweky. — It is exceedingly dif- 

 ficult to conceive of human voluntary locomotion without 

 thinking of it as effected by legs or arms. A living torso 

 of flesh and blood would appear to be about aB helpless as the 

 famous marble Torso of Hercules. But a man— or part of a 

 man — sans arms and sans legs cm propel himself, and pretty 

 lively too, when an emergency demands it. Such an emer- 

 gency occurred the other night in New York, when the New 

 American Museum in the Bowery was burned. It was 

 eleven o'clock ; and the Mormon Giant, the Bearded Lady, 

 the Liviug Skeleton, the Man-FiBh, the Ghouls and Demons 

 and Imps of the Infernal Regions down in the cellar, the 

 Chain Lightning Galcvilator. and all the othe? ujaumerablQ 



