30Ô G. A. J. VAN DER SANDE. 



To cover a dru m at Tobàdi, the edges of the skin seized by a number of persons 

 with both hands, the skin was stretched in ail directions, and held over the opening of the 

 drum in such a way that an exactly fitting ring could be passed over it, which pressed the 

 edges against the outside surface. With the drums of Mios Kôrwâr the skin is spanned with a 

 strip of rattan inside a rattan hoop, and this is pushed down with wedges round the wall 

 of the drum. This method of fastening is met with as far to the east as Wéwé (De CLERCQ 

 and Schmeltz [1893, 154, N°. 658]), according to Van Dissel [1904, fig. 10] also to the 

 south of MacCluer Gulf ; hère the drums serve to call protecting spirits. 



Not only to fill up small holes (ERDWEG [1902, 302]) but also to obtain a full sounding 

 tone, a number of small props are often glued on to the middle of the skin, of a material 

 taken by ERDWEG [1902, 303] to be resin of the breadfruit tree, but in the case of the 

 spécimens of the collection more like beeswax, for which it is also taken by HADDON 

 [1894, 39J. I ne ver noticed that drums with Varanus skin are heated before being played 

 upon (SCHELLONG [1889a, 83], SCHMIDT-ERNSTHAUSEN [189O, 271]). 



When used, the small, cylindrical drums are carried under the left arm, the bigger 

 ones for greater facility with a carrying sling which passes over the left shoulder. Larger 

 drums are held horizontally by the handle, and the other hand beats in the peculiar 

 manner, so minutely described and illustrated by HAGEN [1899, 185, PI. 30], the hypothenar 

 resting on the edge and the last 3 or 4 fingers only slightly touching the drum. Of the 

 S. W. coast I found the beating of drums with sticks mentioned (Van DER GOES [1858, 114]), 

 and it is not surprising that at Angâdi, so closely related to that part, a drum-stick (N°. 1288, 

 PI. XXVIII, fig. 6a) was found, the knob forrned by a small bail of the above named bees- 

 wax. The drums of the Tugeri (SCHMELTZ [1903, 223]) and those of Geelvink Bay are not 

 at ail treated in a mysterious manner but serve for signalling. When the expédition left 

 Angadi by boat to visit the villages situated on the shores of the lake, the inhabitants had 

 been warned by drum signais from Angâdi, and had fled before we arrived. 



In Netherl. N. G. the bull-roarer is only met amongst the Tugeri (PôCH [1906a, 901]). 



Of the wind instruments, known of K. W. Land, and amongst which calabashes 

 (BlRO [1901, 179]) are mentioned, the whistle-like cocoa-nuts are in Netherl. N. G. only 

 used by the Tugeri (SCHMELTZ [1903, 224, PL XI, figs. 9 and 10], SELIGMANN [1906a, 6y]). 

 The bamboo flûte (neither Pan pipe, nor nose flûte; Haddon [1894, 247]) occurs on the 

 north coast, the area of its distribution reaching as far as Pt. D'Urville. FlNSCH [iSSSa, 31, 

 PI. XIII, fig. 5] who illustrâtes a flûte of Tobâdi, wrongly classes this with the flûtes of 

 K. W. Land [1888 — 93, 254]. Firstly the latter are blown at an endwise opening and are either 

 composed of two pièces and filled partly with water (ERDWEG [1902, 295, fig. 201]) or 

 they are prepared for the production of différent scales of notes by pushing up or down a 

 pièce fitting into the other end (SCHELLONG [1889a, 82], SCHMIDT-ERNSTHAUSEN [1890, 273, 

 fig. 2] ), or again they are provided near this end (then closed) with one or two latéral 

 finger-holes [1. c. fig. 3] and would lend themselves to the playing of mélodies (BlRO [1901, 

 181, PL XVIII, fig. 4]), the thumb acting as a key. Maclay [1876, 321], however, mentions 

 long flûtes, of more than one internode. Meanwhile HaGEN mentions [1899, 186] a flûte 

 which is blown by a latéral opening, made near the closed end, and which has also a 

 finger-hole near the open end. 



