RELIGION. 307 



T w o kindsofbamboo flûtes are to be found in Netherl. N. G., both closed at 

 one end by a node and both equally sacred, at ail events to be hidden from the eyes of 

 women and children, who are allowed to hear the Sound, which is not the case in K. W. Land 

 (SCHMIDT-ERNSTHAUSEN [1890, 272]). One kind (N os . 1 291 — 1309, PL XXIX) is blown 

 at the open end and for this purpose, like almost ail the spécimens of the collection 

 which originate from H. B., it is provided at that end with a small projection, arau ; 

 the spécimens of Tarfia (N os . 1291 — 93, PL XXIX, fig. 21), however, are with a notch. 

 DE CLERCQ and SCHMELTZ [1893, 156, N°. 678] and FlNSCH [Le] hâve also mentioned 

 notched spécimens of Tobâdi and N os . 1308 — 09 hâve neither projection nor notch, but 

 are eut off straight transversely. The flûtes of this kind correspond with the stopped organ- 

 pipes ; the fundamental tone has therefore a wave-length of four times the length of the 

 flûte. This wave-length divided into the velocity of sound (with a temp. of 27 C. equal to 

 m. 333 \/ 1 4- j 2 ^ = 350 m.) gives the vibration-number of the fundamental tone. Gene- 

 rally people are not satisfied with the fundamental tone but thin, incisive overtones, 

 harmonies, are desired, which, as physics teaches, are created with narrow pipes by increased 

 force in blowing, and of which the vibration-numbers, with stopped pipes, are proportional 

 to the séries 1:3:5:7, etc. Generally the blowing is so strong that the second or third 

 harmonie prédominâtes. That this demands a great deal of exertion has already been remarked. 

 By blowing alternately with more or less strength, some experts produce différent tones, 

 an eftect which does not sound unpleasantly. With the flûtes N 0h *. 1299, 1306 and 1307 the 

 fundamental tone is prédominant. 



The second kind (N os . 13 10 — 1317, PL XXIX) has a latéral blowhole, near the 

 closed end (with one spécimen of DE CLERCQ [Le, 157, N°. 528, PL XXXIX, fig. 10] about 

 half-way down the length). The flûtes of this kind are, in contrast with those of the previous 

 category, analogous with open organ-pipes; the length thus corresponding with '/., of the 

 wave-length of the fundamental tone, which can therefore be calculated from this. By over- 

 blowing, harmonies might also be produced whose vibrations, as compared with the funda- 

 mental note, are as the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8. But it is impossible for a human being to blow 

 hard enough, for this purpose the tubes are relatively too wide. One must therefore be satis- 

 fied with the diapason-like, fundamental tone, usually more or less lower than the theoreti- 

 cally calculated one, and so easily produced, that the youngest men of the temple can make 

 this sound (see p. 296). 



Carved ornaments may occur on both kinds as well as a coronet of cassowary feathers; 

 still most of them hâve little ornament. But the bamboo is usually pared away at the 

 closed end outside the node into one to three more or less sharp points. Such points are 

 with N D . 13 14 (PL XXIX, fig. 20) of a spécial length. 



On Lake Sentâni I hâve not noticed any bamboo flûtes, yet in 1901 officers of H. M. 

 "Ceram" heard the sound of flûtes ir. the watch-house of Ifâr (fig. 162) and BlNK [1897, 171] 

 bought some at Waba, a village of the Sentâni tribe. The Leyden Muséum possesses an 

 object (Ser. 1482, N°. 1), presented as a flûte of Lake Sentâni, consisting of a perforated, 

 cylindrical pièce of wood, the intaglio parts whitened, and one end pared off. 



Trumpet-shells (N°. 1319, PL XXIX, fig. 22 and N°. 1320), like that figured by 

 EDGE PaRTINGTON [1895, PL 201, N°. 3], are provided with a circular blowhole, always 



