ANTHROPOLOGY. 34 I 



This table shows that with Ihe Papuans ail minima and nearly ail maxima are higher: often the 

 averages (calculated from 38 — 44 measurements) are close to, sometimes even above the maxima of the 

 European. Megadontism may therefore be mentioned as a decided characteristic of the Papuan. 



Ail teeth are close together: I only found slight spaces with N°. 9 between P| and C|, 

 between CI and PJ, and between jl 2 and |C, with N°. 25 between Cj and P'|. 



The angle formed by the right and the left side of the lower jaw is often so sharp that there is 

 not sufficient room in front and with 25°/,, of the persons examined, the front teeth stood in irregular 

 position. I 1 and I 2 stand just as often inside as outside, C stands almost exclusively outwards and then 

 (a character of low race; Thompson [1899, 164]) with the incisors in a plain square row, forming the 

 angles of the same. Not seldom P 1 also stands outwards. 



The occurrence of 3 cases of prosarmosis (one depicted on PL XXX, fig. 10) in n casts means 

 a percentage of 27, which, although high, still remains considerably below the S 7 . 1 °/ mentioned by Welcker 

 [1902, 87] of the Papuans. The figure clearly shows that with prosarmosis the abrasion is most considér- 

 able, whilst with enarmosis (see PL XXX, fig. 11), where a normal interdigatation exists, the wear is 

 much less. Protruding lower jaw, epharmosis (Grevers [1905, 555]), I hâve never seen. On the upper 

 jaw I noticed but once (N°. 33, PI. XLV, fig. 1) an irregular position, namely P shifted lingually, and one 

 therefore may présume that the report of Maclav [i873 n , 242] that the rows of teeth are very often asym- 

 metrical only refers to the lower jaw. Usually the teeth are placed vertically, which was also stated by 

 Schellong [1S91, 212], sometimes, however, with the lower jaw they are somewhat inclined forward and 

 with the upper jaw slight sub-nasal prognathism, the eversion of Grevers [Le, 558], is found, espe- 

 cially plain with N°. 5 (PL XXXIII), otherwise naturally increasing with the âge. 



The line of occlusion, being normaliter upward concave (Spee [1890, 287], Kirk [1900, 20, 

 fig. 4]), appears more pronounced than usual, partly caused by the stronger abrasion of M 1 , which forms 

 the lowest point of the curve. 



After the foregoing it needs only to be remarked of the incisors, that the abrasion in the lower 

 jaw is horizontal, in the upper jaw in the direction linguo-labial downward, the front edge therefore being 

 sharp hère. Cases of enlarged incisors as described by Maclay [1876^ 290] of Melanesians, I did not 

 meet with. The cuspids are little prominent (see also Lambert [1877, 585]); with young people they 

 show a "développement plus accentué de la pointe de la dente", being 1 / i — '/ 3 of the entire height of the 

 tooth, a characteristic of primitive races (Regnault [1894, 16]). With a few there is a trace of two other 

 tubercles placed mesial and distal, but the top is soon worn down concave. 



The premolars, however, are striking in size; in the lower jaw they are generally round and P" 2 

 is Iarger than P 1 , the same as found by Lambert [Le, 584]; in the upper jaw P 1 is usually larger than 

 Y 1 , the bucco-lingual dimension prédominâtes and the grinding surface is often of a trapezium shape, the 

 base lying bucally. Ail premolars, as a rule, hâve two cusps, which are in the upper jaw of about equal 

 length, the buccal one largest in mesio-distal direction. Below, the buccal always preponderates, especially 

 in height, the lingual cusp, as usual with primitive races (Lambert [Le, 570]), often appearing like a 

 low ridge. In 4 casts this ridge shows two élévations, three tubercles being thus distinguishable. Besides 

 interstitial cusps are présent in half the number of the cases, below as well as above. With Melanesians, 

 amongst whom were also Papuans, De Terra [1905, 296] found no interstitial cusps on premolars. The 

 abraded surface is horizontal, or directed buccally downward. 



The molars, closely arranged, in the lower jaw hâve a square form, length (mesio-distal) and width 

 (bucco-lingual) differing very little (see table). In the upper jaw the width is prédominant and hère is an 

 inclination, increasing from M 1 to M 3 , to adopt a rhomboid shape, the approximal surfaces being directed 

 bucco-lingually backward (see PI. XXX, fig. 12). With the molars of the lower jaw the buccal surface is 

 bell-shaped, with those of the upper jaw on the contrary, the lingual side is more strongly arched than 



