344 G - A - J- VAN DER SANDE. 



and the Papuans of Sisir (De Clercq [1889'', 1672]). Some authors, and amongst them Meyer [1874, 92], 

 deny "constitutionelle Unterschiede", others consider the mountaineers, differing, even in a relatively 

 narrow island as Jâpen (Horst [1889, 235]) so much from the coast people, as the autochthones driven 

 inland by taller, overbearing invaders. Where short people are found at the coast, this must be regarded 

 as a proof that no invaders from over the sea hâve ever landed hère. The natives of Waba in the S. E. 

 corner of the inner bay of Humboldt Bay also represent such a case, agreeing in every respect, including 

 language, with the inland Sentâni people. Everywhere I could note the overbearing conduct of the coast- 

 people. Those of Kwatisoré considered themselves far too important to serve our expédition as carriers, but 

 were willing to fetch inland people from Nagramâdu, who did the work. In former times it was the 

 custom in the western part to organize slave hunts in the mountains, and we were told that as a resuit of 

 continuai harassing, the Sëkânto tribe, formerly very numerous and spread over a number of villages 

 possessing seven temples, was reduced to merely a few families who now réside in very poor settlements 

 on the river Jafûri (see p. 128). Another tribe which until a short tirne ago lived on the Môso River, has 

 been reduced by the persécution of Asâ and Oinake people to 15 persons, amongst whom are 8 maies, 

 who after roaming about for some time hâve settled down in the mountains, 4 hours further inland. 

 Pôch [1906, 605] reports that in Goodenough Bay the Melanesian invaders drive the Papuan éléments 

 towards the interior. 



In the south also a mountain people of rather short stature is usually reported (Earl [1853, 6], 

 Mûller [1857, 103], D'Albertis [1880, I, 305], Chalmers [1885, 36, 84; 1897, 335], Thomson [1892,95], 

 Haddon [1900, 291, 415], Annual Report [1902 — 03, 14], Pratt [1904, 2; 1906, 304]). The Toro, 

 living on the Bensbach River, are rather tall (Seligmann [1906% 66]) but the neighbouring coast people, 

 the Tugeri, according to Pôch [igoô 3 , 897] are still taller; see however table I. 



It must still be remarked that living p y g m i e s hâve as yet been reported only from the interior 

 (D'Albertis [1880, I, 305], Van Hasselt [1886, 57s], Ellis [1888, 34], Nachrichten [1897, 56], Biro 

 [1901, 14], Weule [1902], Robinson [1904], Pôch [1905' 441]). Moreover, those who regard the Negritoes 

 as the infantile, undeveloped or primitive form of ail Negroes (Staniland Wake [1883, 214]), that has 

 also preceded the Papuans themselves in New Guinea (Allen [1879, 40]), could also expect such forms 

 exactly in the interior. However, basing their opinion on the study of skulls, some anthropologists hâve 

 pointed out the présence of Negritoes or Negrito-Papuan cross-breeds at the mouth of the river Fly 

 (Deniker [1900, 494]). 



In contrast with the north where the inland people are harassed by those of the coast, the popu- 

 lation of the mountains in the south seems to be strongest and drives the hill people towards the coast 

 and in some places (Haddon [1900, 415]) even advances till there. As an example of this state of affairs 

 the raids to the S. W. coast by the Angâdi people (Lake Jamur), really incited and aided by people of Geel- 

 vink Bay (Van Hille [1905, 315]), hâve already been recorded above (p. 242). That there are exceptions to 

 this rule is demonstrated by the Tugeri, who formerly on their hunts also ascended the ri vers; and tall 

 inland people are reported by Chalmers [1883, 84]. Therefore on the northern parts of the island we see 

 the people being driven further inland, whilst at the southern parts exists a "continuai pressure from the 



mountains towards the coast" (Haddon [1900, 278]), both thèse facts combined mean a mass removal 



over the whole breadth of the island from north to south. Verbal communications so far confirm this, as 

 some coast people of K. AV. Land (Hagen [1899, 143]) déclare that they hâve come over the sea, whilst 

 some of the south coast relate (Holmes [1903, 126]) that "the birth place of the tribe was in the interior", 

 and that by fighting they came to the coast [Le, 12S]. Researches like those of Haddon Le. will throw 

 the true light on this matter. 



The différence in average standing height (see table I) between the maie of Humboldt 

 Bay and Lake Sentâni, the latter living only 3 — 4 hours inland, is 36 mm., therefore some- 



