172 Jaggar, Jr. — Outbreak of Mauna Zoa, Hawaii, 19 H. 



fountain varying in width, as it sometimes included a small 

 fountain to the south — about 150 feet was the average width, 

 but that is only a guess. The great fountain played con- 

 tinuously about half the height of the west wall of the crater, 

 sometimes higher, particularly between 2 and 4 a. m., when it 

 must have reached a height 2/3 or 3/4 that of the west cliff. 



F a is a fountain which sent up a single column of lava at 

 irregular intervals, not as high as F'. S is steam or vapor. 

 Most of the night there was black crust over most of the lava 

 area, but towards morning between 2 and 4 it disappeared, 

 particularly in the northern part, where the surface was all red 

 for a while, but by daylight it looked black again. Between 

 the lake and the east wall (x), the lava was the same level as 

 the lake but black, except that a little fire showed at x." 



The next night, Nov. 28, the writer's party reached the sum- 

 mit area, but was driven back by a severe sleet storm. In 

 camp at a distance of about three miles from 'Mokuaweoweo 

 west, distinct rumbling could be heard from the crater at inter- 

 vals, resembling the rumbling heard at Kilauea during activity 

 a few feet back from the edge of Halemaumau. Messrs. 

 Palmer and Forrest on the previous night described the noises 

 of the fountains as heard at about one mile distance on the east 

 rim as rumbling and plashing, but not very loud or different 

 from the sounds usually heard at Kilauea. 



Stormy weather followed and covered the summit area and 

 the floor of the crater with ice and snow. A second party, con- 

 sisting of Charles Ka, Hawaiian guide, and an assistant, was 

 sent up by the writer Dec. 3, 1914, to recover abandoned camp 

 equipment. They reported four fountains in the southern part 

 of the creater, the northernmost the largest, the whole four 

 corresponding in position with the large fountain F' of Nov. 27. 

 Such dwindling corresponds with the appearance from below. 

 Ka saw the mounds, and identified the cone of 1907 as still in 

 place in the western part of the crater. He described the 

 entire eastern half of the crater and the eastern plateau as 

 plastered with heavy ice. He saw very little smoke. 



Dec. 6 from the observatory at Kilauea at 10 p. m. the sum- 

 mit of Mauna Loa was clear with only a single slender vapor 

 column rising and spreading at a height of perhaps 7000 feet 

 above the summit into a thin illumined balloon of fume. The 

 color of the light was orange. This morning, Dec. 7, Mauna 

 Loa was capped with snow, and a thin faint column or fume 

 could be seen widening above into very tenuous blue films in 

 the upper atmosphere. The smoke has the same quality as 

 that from Kilauea, brown in transmitted light and blue in 

 reflected light. It is undoubtedly sulphurous but as yet its 

 odor has not been perceived by anyone. 



