Australian Flowering Plants. 219 



origin, are ready now to overrun the world, but which are 

 limited in their range because of the ocean encircling Aus- 

 tralia. Waifs, however, have survived the sea voyage in cer- 

 tain cases, for example — Goodenia with about 115 species, 

 Candollea about 115 species, Scaivola about 70, and Dampiera 

 35-40 species, and the individuals are exceedingly abundant on 

 the sandy wastes of Australia. 



The history of the Campanulacese, in the broader sense, is 

 somewhat analogous to the history of the human races which 

 reached East and South England as conquerors, and which after 

 a time became less vigorous and were in turn thrust northward 

 and west by the indriving of new wedges of invasion. In the 

 barren wastes to which they were driven, and the consequent 

 enforcement of laborious days, together with the elimination 

 of luxury and pleasure, magnificent revivals were brought 

 about, and later days of courage and ability among the old 

 exiles who, although beaten and discouraged awhile, now take 

 their place again in the front of the world's progress. 



(c) The South American Problem. 



(1) General Remarks on Supposed Land Connections. 



The question of the possible land connection, or connections, 

 between South America, JSTew Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, 

 has formed one of the most difficult but fascinating problems 

 ever faced by students of geographical distribution from the 

 time of Hooker 30 and Bentham 31 in England to that of 

 Hedley 32 of Australia. 



Hedley, one of the foremost of the present advocates for 

 the Tertiary, or post-Tertiary, land connection of the areas 

 under consideration with Antarctica, has stated his case simply 

 and forcibly in the two papers cited above. 



There are about 88 genera and 68 species of flowering plants, 

 confined, almost entirely, to South America, the Antarctic 

 Islands, Australia, Tasmania, ]STew Zealand, and the neighbor- 

 ing islands. The Beeches (Nothofagus), the fuchsias (Fuch- 

 sia), the Araucarias (Araucaria), Discaria, the section Psycro- 

 pliila of Caltha, Oreobolus, Uncinia, Colobanthus, Ourisia, 

 Azorella, Epilobium, Accena, Aristotelia, as also the species 

 Geranium sessiliflorum, Oxalis mageUanica, Tillcea moschata, 

 Tillcea verticillata, Juncus planifolius, Gentiana saxosa, 



30 J. D. Hooker, Journal Botany, London, vol. iv, p. 137, 1845. 



31 G. Bentham, Flora Australiensis. Concluding Preface, vol. vii, 1878. 



32 C. Hedley, Surviving Refugees in Austral Lands. Proc. Roy. Soc. 

 N". S. Wales, vol. xxix, pp. 278-286. 1895. The Palreogeographical Relations 

 of Antarctica, Proc. Linn. Soc. London, Oct., 1912, pp. 80-90. 



Am. Jour. Sci. — Fourth Series, Vol. XLII, No. 249. — September, 1916. 

 15 



