282 Scientific Intelligence. 



from its very foot close to the Uruhamba River up to an altitude 

 of 1200 feet above the ruins." The burials were mostly in holes 

 ami dugouts, or caves, beneath bowlders, very much as in other, 

 and in some instances widely distant, parts of the mountains of 

 Peru. In the majority of cases the bodies were simply placed in 

 these shelters without being interred. In numerous instances the 

 skeletal remains were incomplete suggesting secondary burials, 

 such as also were common in different parts of the Andean 

 region. The total represents 164 individuals. "Very curiously, 

 of the 124 adults among these no less than 102 were female. The 

 author is inclined to explain this by the presence at Machu Picchu 

 of an Inca convent, in which case the female skeletons would be 

 largely the remains of the inmates ; another possible explanation 

 being that a large percentage of the males were withdrawn from 

 the community for military operations and would be buried in 

 other parts of the country. 



Anthropological^ the crania represent partly the coastal or 

 brachycephalic and partly the highland or relatively narrow type, 

 showing on the whole a decidedly mixed population. Ten of the 

 female and five male skulls show, besides, the Aymara deforma- 

 tion, while four of the females present a "flat-head" compres- 

 sion, such as was common in some regions along the coast. The 

 period to which the Machu Picchu skeletal remains are referable 

 is in the main probably the late pre-Columbian ; but two of the 

 burial sites yielded also objects which show contact with the 

 Spanish. 



The individual "caves" in which skeletal material was dis- 

 covered are described in detail, thus giving the reader a faithful 

 picture of the conditions and difficulties of the work of the 

 anthropological collector in these regions ; and added to this are 

 descriptions of the archeological and animal remains found with 

 the human bones. The former include some interesting articles 

 of bronze and pottery, while among the latter occur several new 

 species of smaller mammals. 



The charts of measurements might have been supplemented to 

 advantage by smaller, analytical tables ; and one misses an index. 

 But on the whole the memoir bears testimony of careful, pains- 

 taking work and is a welcome contribution to the anthropology 

 of a region that so far was unknown to science. One can not but 

 express in this connection the great pity that such highly promis- 

 ing explorations as those of Professor Bingham's expedition had 

 to be abandoned, through the unfavorable attitude of certain 

 citizens of the very country which would benefit most by their 

 continuance. Ales Hrdi.icka. 



2. Geolof/i/, Physical and Historical ; by Herdman Fitz- 

 gerald Ci. eland, Ph.D., Professor of Geology in Williams Col- 

 lege. Pp. 718, figs. 588, pi. I. New York, 19 1 6 (American Book 

 Company). — This is an excellently arranged and handsomely 

 printed text for college classes. Part I on Physical Geology 

 embraces 355 pages with an appendix of 6 pages on the common 



