PREFACE. vii 



connected during the last twenty-five years. In Newberry's First Report of Prog- 

 ress, 1S69, he named among the subjects that were to be studied and reported upon, 

 the Archaeology of Ohio. This promise also I have been able to make good, by the 

 publication of a sound and judicious chapter on the subject by Mr. Gerard Fowke. 

 Mr. Fowke has been for many years in the employ of the Ethnological Bureau of 

 the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and is an expert on all the questions 

 which he discusses. Through the courtesy of the United States Bureau above named, 

 Mr. Fowke was allowed to make free use of the information he had collected while 

 in its employ. The present chapter was thus prepared at merely nominal expense 

 on the part of the State. 



The publication of Volume IV of the main series of our reports was ordered 

 by the Legislature on the promise that it should contain an account of the Zoology 

 of the State and also a list of the plants growing within its boundaries. It was 

 accordingly named in the act authorizing its publication," " Volume IV, Zoology 

 and Botany." A botanical list had been duly prepared for the volume by the late 

 Dr. H. C. Beardsley of Painesville; but when the printer called for the copy, it had 

 been in some way mislaid, and was not recovered in time for publication with the 

 rest of the volume. Thus the volume entitled "Zoology and Botany" finally ap- 

 peared without a line pertaining to the last named subject. This deferred promise 

 I have also been able to make good. Prof. W. A. Kellerman of the Ohio State 

 University, assisted by Mr. W. C. Werner, of the same institution, took upon them- 

 selves, without any compensation from the State, the great labor involved in mak- 

 ing out a list of Ohio plants. This work has been done with the greatest enthusi- 

 asm and fidelity. It combines all 'the facts of previously published lists with a 

 considerable addition of original determinations, making the list far more complete 

 than any that has appeared hitherto. 



Part II of the present volume is thus largely devoted to making good the 

 promises made by the Survey to the State during the last twenty-five years ; and 

 while in no way personally responsible for any of these promises, it is a great sat- 

 isfaction to me to see them amply fulfilled in my last volume. 



Part I of the present volume is devoted to Economic Geolog}'. It includes a 

 chapter on the Geological Scale of the State, and is accompanied by a small geo- 

 logical map, printed in colors. It also includes a chapter on the Clay Deposits, and 

 one on the Coal Measures of the State, prepared by the writer. To these there is 

 added an especially valuable chapter on the Clay Working Industries of Ohio, by 

 Edward Orion, Jr. 



A large portion of the appropriation made for the preparation of this volume 

 has been used in the construction of maps showing the boundaries of our more im- 

 portant coal seams. These maps, therefore, constitute an integral and important 

 part of the volume. In regard to them and the service that they can be made to 

 render to the economic interests of the State, a few statements are necessary at this 

 point. 



lit their construction a great deal of faithful labor has been expended. All the 

 outcrops indicated were traversed on foot, with barometer and township map in 

 hand, and the aid of the landowners was constantly sought in securing the results 

 of observations and tests as to the presence of coal seams on their respective farms. 

 The question as to whether the coal had been mined or is still left in the ground is 

 not touched in the maps. They are designed to show the original outcrop boundaries 

 of the seams. Thus, also, it comes about that seams are represented in some areas 

 where they are too thin for working, under present conditions. Their presence as 

 geological elements in the section is sometimes all that can be asserted; but, when- 

 ever practicable, the thinner extensions of the seam are left out. 



In Chapter IV, Part I, page 270, a classification of our coal seams will be found. 

 The coal seams of the Conglomerate Coal Measures, though possessing great im- 



