ARCHEOLOGY. 35 



for attachment to a handle, were used as hoes. The principal reliance 

 for agricultural implements was bone, horn, or wood, which would 

 soon decay; few or none of stone are found, but this is no doubt because 

 stone which can be wrought into suitable forms for such usage does not 

 occur within convenient distance. 



They brought together, it is true, various substances from widely 

 separated localities; but this is far from conclusive that they dominated 

 the country over so great an area. It is not even evidence they performed 

 the labor necessary to obtain these things. After settlements were made 

 by whites along the coast, trade was carried on among the Indians over 

 a territory 7 requiring journeys of hundreds of miles. Undoubtedly a sim- 

 ilar traffic had long been practiced. Extended hunting and war excur- 

 sions were not uncommon among many tribes, notably the Iroquois, 

 whose raids extended to upper Michigan, the Mississippi River, North 

 Carolina, and Tennessee. Shawnees and other Indians have migrated 

 from place to place over several states. The Chippewas carried copper 

 nuggets for exchange, from Lake Superior to the coast of Virginia. Arti- 

 cles of barter were passed from hand to hand, from tribe to tribe, through 

 long periods of time. In all these ways small objects could wander hun- 

 dreds or thousands of miles from their starting point. 



Of material foreign to Ohio, used by the Mound Builders, obsidian 

 is nowhere nearer than the Rocky Mountains or Yellowstone Park; cop- 

 per is found in the southern Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge, but chemical 

 analysis shows their supplies came from northern Michigan; mica was 

 obtained east of the Blue Ridge in Virginia, or the mountains of North 

 Carolina; catlinite (it is not definitely determined whether this was 

 known to them) only from the Pipestone quarries of western Minnesota; 

 marine shells, native to warm waters, from the Gulf or southern Atlantic 

 coast; lead ore from central Kentucky, or the vicinity of Galena, Illinois. 

 Artificial objects of all these substances occur more plentifully in the 

 neighborhood of the natural deposits than farther away; so it is probable 

 that the principal work of quarrying, and much of the manufacturing 

 was done by the aborigines living in the vicinity, from whom others ob- 

 tained their supplies. If outsiders had conducted the necessary mining 

 operations, they would have taken home, to work up at their convenience, 

 most if not all of the raw material which could be utilized; and it is 

 probable this plan was followed with unwrought pieces obtained bv trade. 

 They certainly would not have been at the trouble to complete, and then 

 abandon, the great quantities of specimens found remote from their 

 habitations. 



The various positions in which bodies are buried, and the character 

 of the objects placed with them, accord with what is observed among 

 many modern Indians. It is said — the report lacks confirmation — that 



