IT 
lished in 1819, that it then grew in woods at Manhattanville, a 
region long since built over by the advancing city. It also oc- 
curred in woods near the extreme northern part of Manhattan 
Island, opposite Spuyten Duyvil. On Long Island, a few wild 
trees are recorded from Prospect Park, and others from Suffolk 
County. A single wild tree only is known in the Borough of 
Richmond, standing in woods near Arlington. The most southern 
station in the state of New Jersey is along the Delaware River 
near Burlington, and the tree is not known to occur in the eastern 
part ‘of that state from Sandy Hook southward. It will thus be 
seen that the hemlock spruce is mainly an inhabitant of regions 
of lower average temperature than that of the Bronx, and its 
occurrence at our latitude is doubtless governed by local condi- 
tions. It is much more abundant and reaches greater dimensions 
to the north of us and in the mountains; it does not, however, 
extend northward into the subarctic regions and to the tops of 
high mountains as the firs and true spruces do, but has its northern 
limit in Nova Scotia and Ontario and does not ascend the Adi- 
rondacks much above 2,000 feet. The immediate relatives of our 
tree included with it in the genus Tsuga are six, three of them 
North American, and three Asiatic. 
1. The Carolina hemlock spruce (Tsuga Caroliniana) found in 
the Alleghany Mountains from southwestern Virginia to South 
Carolina, differs in having larger cones, the ripe scales of which 
spread out from the axis, and its branches droop rather strongly ; 
it forms a trunk up to eighty feet in height. 
2. The western hemlock spruce (Tsuga heterophylla) has 
cones resting immediately upon the twigs, rather than short- 
stalked, as in the two eastern kinds, and is the largest of them all, 
becoming 200 feet high with a trunk ten feet in diameter; it 
inhabits northwestern America from California to Alaska, form- 
Ing great forests. 
3. The mountain hemlock spruces (Tsuga Mertensiana) is a 
mountain tree ranging from Montana to Washington and southern 
Alaska ; the leaves of this tree are convex on the upper side instead 
of flat, as in the other American species. 
4. The northern Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga diversifolia) 
forms mountain forests in central and northern Japan and appar- 
ently grows also in China. 
5. The southern Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga Araragt) in- 
habits southern Japan. 
6. The Himalayan hemlock spruce (Tsuga dumosa) is a large 
forest tree of high altitudes in central Asia. 
