THE FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21 
system was adopted almost immediately by the leading botanists of the world, 
and the Natural System has from that time prevailed over the artificial Sexual 
System of Linnzeus. 
Before this time nearly all botanical publications relative to the flora of North 
America had been made by foreigners. From this time on, at least as far 
as the United States and Canada are concerned, the bulk of the published 
works is from the hands of native Americans. During this period lived here the 
following botanists: Nuttall, A. Eaton, Schweinitz, Barton, Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 
Torrey, Beck, Riddell, Engelmann, Darlington, Elliott, and Gray. Douglas and 
Drummond made their trips across the continent. E Meyer explored Labrador; 
de la Pylaie Canada; Scoresby, Ross, Parry, and Richardson the Arctic regions; 
Maycock, Ehrenberg, and Macfadyen the West Indies; Llave, Lexarza, Schiede, 
Deppe, Moricand, Hartweg, and Ehrenberg Mexico. 
None of the Scandinavian botanists visited the northern part of the continent 
proper, and none wrote specially on the flora of the United States or Canada; 
but two of the most prominent Swedish botanists published works in which 
numerous North American plants are described. These were: 
Carl Adolf Agardh was born at Bastad, Sweden, the 23rd of 
January, 1785, received his Ph. D. in 1805, became docent at 
Lund in 1807 and professor in 1812, was appointed bishop of 
Karlstad, where he died the 28th of January, 1859. He was an 
ardent student of sea-weeds, and can be called the father of algol- 
ogy. His work was continued by his son, Jacob Georg. The elder 
Agardh has, as far as the writer knows, published nothing that 
bears exclusively on American botany; but in his principal works 
he describes many American plants. These works are: 
Species algorum, 1820. 
Systema algorum, 1824. 
fas Magnus Fries was born at Femsjé, Smaland, Sweden, 
the 15th of August, 1792, received his Ph. D. degree in 1814, be- 
came docent at Upsala in 1814, and professor and director of the 
Botanical Garden in 1851—’63. He died at Upsala the 8th of 
February, 1878. The place Agardh held in algology, Fries can 
be said with fully as good a right to have held in mycology It is 
especially the higher fungi, and above all the Hymenomycetes, 
which have been treated with a master’s hand by him. In his 
large works we find many American species described, and still 
more that are common tu the Old and the New World. 
Systema mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species, 1821—’29. 
With a supplement, 1830—’32. 
