38 SCANDINAVIANS AND 
7. ENGLERIAN PERIOD, 1889—-. 
In 1889 appeared the first fascicle of Engler and Prantl’s Natuerlischen Pflant- 
zenfamilien, and three years later Adolph Engler’s Syllabus. The former [not yet 
completed] gives an an extensive account of all families and genera of plants, not 
only the flowering plants, as the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hooker and 
their predecessors. It was in this that the Englerian system of classification was 
first used, and it was in the Syliabus that it was first given in full. The Englerian 
system differs mainly from those of Bentham and Hooker and of deCandolle in 
the fact that Engler begins with the lower plants and advances from lower to 
higher forms, while the other systems begin with some of the higher families and 
proceed to the more simple ones. The names of the families are in most cases 
retained, but their relative position in many instances considerably changed. 
As the general arrangement of families and genera is much more natural than in 
other systems, Engler’s system is now adopted at the leading institutions of this 
country. In individual cases the arrangement could be improved, and in some 
cases it is not as good as in the two preceding systems. 
About the time that this system was made public, the two leading botanists 
of this country passed away, A. Gray in 1888, and S. Watson in 1892. This in 
itself might have been regarded as the end of a period, for the prominence of es- 
pecially the former had been so great that the work of almost everyone else had 
been overshadowed. Now came a period of general comradeship and good-feeling, 
in which the tendency is: “Let also the smaller lights shine.” To mention all the 
workers during the last eighteen years would be impossible, and it would be with- 
out the scope of this paper. During this period not only the Scandinavians on the 
other side of the Atlantic have taken an active part in American botany; there 
has grown up also a set of men in this country who have made no small contribu- 
tion to the knowledge of North American botany, consisting partly of Seandina- 
vians who in younger days immigrated, and partly of the sons of immigrants. 
A. United States and Canada. 
a. SCANDINAVIANS. 
Nils Conrad Kindberg was born at Karlstad the 7th of August, 
1832. He took his Ph. D. degree in 1857, and became lector at 
the College of Linképing 1860—1900. He is one of the leading 
bryologists in the world. He isa productive writer. The publi- 
cations relative to North American botany given below (and this 
list is very likely not complete) can not by any means becompared 
in number with the works on Old World bryology. 
OP pata muscorum qui in Grenlandia, Islandia et Faroer occurrunt, 
Bidrag till kinnedom om Canada-omrAdets mossfiora, 1890. 
Checklist of European and North American Mosses (Bryinew), 1894. 
New or less known species of Pleurocarpous Mosses from North America and 
_ Europe, 1895. : 
