VETERINARY STUDIES 



LECTURE I 



ANATOMY 



Anatomy is the science which treats of forms, structures, 

 and relations to body organs. These organs ,are divided 

 for study into groups as follows: bones, muscles, joints, 

 nervous system, circulatory apparatus, respiratory apparatus, 

 urinary apparatus, digestive apparatus, and reproductive ap- 

 paratus. 



Osteology, Bones 



Kinds. — Bones are classified as long, short, flat, and irregular. 



Long hones are more or less elongated in form and have a mar- 

 row-filled canal in the shaft, example — humerus, femur, radius, 

 and tibia. They are used in the legs as columns of support and 

 for levers pulled by muscles to produce motion. 



Short bones are usually short in form, and have no medullary 

 canal. Examples of this class are carpals and tarsals. They are 

 used, for example, in the knee and hock where complicated artic- 

 ulation is needed with ability to stand pressure. 



Flat bones, like those of the skull and the ribs, consist of two 

 plates of hard bone tissue connected by porous bone. They are 

 used to enclose and protect vital organs and to provide muscle 

 anchorage. 



Irregular bones are usually found in the median line of the 

 body ; example, vertebra. These are adapted for weight support 

 and muscle anchorage. 



Peculiarities. — Terms used in describing and recognizing bones 

 are: elevations, depressions, borders, surfaces, angles, and ex- 

 tremities. 



Development. — Bones develop around centers of ossification 

 (bone formation) either in cartilage or membrane. Long bones 

 develop from cartilage; the flat bones develop from membrane. 



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