INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS 55 



(a) the spreading-of bronchitis to the lung parenchyma; (6) 

 food entering the wind pipe in patients suffering from 

 dysphagia (tetanus, milk fever, feeding too soop after 

 chloroform narcosis); (c) foreign matter (dust, sand, saw- 

 dust) which may, be drawn into the lungs in recumbent 

 patients; -(d) the aspiration of pus, blood, saliva or mucus 

 (head operations, patient recumbent) ; (e) unskilled admini- 

 stration of medicines, especially drenches; (/) result of 

 hypostasis of the lungs (recumbent position, long, stable 

 confinement in old horses); (g) infection, especially with 

 the Bacillus bipolaris septicus (in the ox) and the Bacillus 

 pyogenes. 



Cold, bad sanitation and exhaustive railway and ship 

 transportations are predisposing factors. 



Catarrhal pneumonia is secondary to several acute infec- 

 tious diseases as malignant head catarrh, hog cholera, 

 hemorrhagic septicemia; it often accompanies tuberculosis, 

 glanders, and occasionally actinomycosis. 



Symptoms. — 'The prodromal symptoms are those of 

 bronchitis which it usually follows. As the areas of solidi- 

 fication in the lung may be small and scattered, they are 

 difficult to detect clinically. The cardinal symptoms are: 

 cough which is short, dull, and often painful, the patient 

 trying to suppress it. Nasal discharge which is at times 

 copious and white in color. Fever which may run about 

 104° F. The fever does not take a typical course as in 

 fibrinous pneumonia, but is intermittent in character, con- 

 tinuing until the termination of the disease. In aged 

 horses fever is often absent. Dyspnea, the respirations are 

 accelerated, and labored. Percussion is often painful and 

 induces coughing. Areas of dulness may be determined, 

 provided they are of the size of a clenched fist and super- 

 ficially located in the lung. Auscultation: rales of a fine 

 subcrepitant and whistling character. If large areas of the 

 lung are involved, bronchial (tubular) breathing is heard. 

 If the bronchi and bronchioli in the affected area are plugged 

 with exudate, no sounds will be emitted. In the neighbor- 

 ing lung tissue, however, the vesicular murmur is harsher 

 than normal. Usually the physical signs of the disease are 



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