UREMIA 205 



consist of carbonate of lime, oxalate of lime, silicates and phos- 

 phate salts. Renal stones probably develop from the deposit 

 of salts around a nucleus such as mucous epithelium or even 

 bacteria. They induce in the kidneys various changes such 

 as pyelitis or pyelonephritis and the so-called hydronephrosis. 



Occurrence. — While kidney stones are rarer in animals than 

 in man, they are seen occasionally in horses and cattle. They 

 also occur among sheep and swine. In sheep they commonly 

 result from the feeding of root crops, such as potatoes, sugar 

 beets, beets, etc. In some instances among sheep, kidney 

 stones appear enzootically. 



Symptoms. — The symptoms are rather vague. Very often 

 they produce no symptoms whatever. In other cases the 

 patient suffers from renal colic, bloody urine, partial or total 

 suppression of urine, and even uremia. The urine passed is 

 sometimes bloody or may be cloudy from pus. Sometimes 

 sand or grit is passed, which adheres to the hairs around the 

 sheath opening. On rectal examination the symptoms of 

 pyelonephritis may be determined, and occasionally a slight 

 crepitation can be felt, due to the movement of the stones 

 against one another. 



Treatment. — The treatment in animals is not successful, 

 and operative procedure, except in dogs, is hardly advisable 

 on account of the risk. 



UREMIA. 



Definition. — A poisoning of the blood with the constituents 

 of the urine. 



Occurrence. — Uremia can occur in any condition in which 

 the normal discharge of urine is impeded. 



Etiology. — Uremia may result from nephritis, kidney 

 tumors, kidney stones, obstruction of the ureters, bladder, 

 or urethra, or paralysis of the bladder. 



Symptoms. — The symptoms usually follow kidney disease 

 where there has been complete retention of urine. The 

 patients show spasms, weakness, coma, and subnormal 

 temperature. The respirations are generally retarded, and 

 the sweat may have a urinous odor, especially after rupture 



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