LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GULLS AND TERNS. 73 

 DISTRIBUTION. 



Breeding range. — Coasts and islands of the North Pacific Ocean 

 and Bering Sea, from St. Lawrence Island and the Pribilof Islands 

 southward to southern Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington 

 to Destruction Island ; westward throughout the Aleutian and Com- 

 mander Islands ; northward to Kamchatka and northeastern Siberia 

 (Providence Bay). Occurs rarely in summer in northern Bering 

 Sea (St. Michael and Port Clarence), but probably does not breed 

 there. 



Breeding grounds protected in the following national reserva- 

 tions : In Alaska, Aleutian Islands, as Adak, Atka, Attu, Kiska, 

 Tanaga, and Unalaska ; Bogoslof ; St. Lazaria ; Forrester Island ; in 

 Washington, Flattery Rocks and Quillayute Needles, as Alexander 

 Island, Carroll Islet, and Destruction Island. 



Winter range. — From the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak, and southern 

 Alaskan coast southward to lower California (San Geronimo and 

 Guadalupe Islands), and from the Commander Islands to Japan 

 (Hakodadi). Birds remains late at the Pribilof Islands, but prob- 

 ably rarely, if ever, stay throughout the entire winter. 



Spring migration. — Northward along the coast. Late dates of 

 departure : Lower California, San Geronimo Island, March 10 to 15, 

 and Guadalupe Island, March 22 ; California, Santa Cruz Island, 

 May 2, and Monterey, May 10. 



Fall migration. — Southward along the coast. First arrivals reach 

 California, Monterey, October 25 to 30. 



Casual records. — Rare visitor to Hawaii (taken December 9, 1902). 

 Rare straggler north of Bering Strait; taken in Kotzebue Sound 

 May 11, 1899, on Wrangel Island April 3, 1916, and at Point Barrow 

 September 19, 1882. 



Egg dates. — Alaska, south of peninsula : Fifty records, June 3 to 

 July 16 ; twenty -five records, June 20 to July 3. Washington : Nine- 

 teen records, May 29 to July 23 ; ten records, June 14 to 19. British 

 Columbia: Sixteen records, June 14 to July 16; eight records, June 

 16 to 24. 



LAKTJS KUMLIENI Brewster. 

 KUMLIEN'S GULL, 



HABITS. 



Very little is known about the distribution, much less about the 

 habits, of this and the following species — the two gray-winged 

 gulls — as both are very rare. Kumlien's gull was described by Brews- 

 ter (1883a) from a specimen secured by Ludwig Kumlien in Cum- 

 berland Sound on June 14, 1878. 



