LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GULLS AND TERNS. 131 



cormorants, and great blue herons. So far as I know they have 

 no formidable enemies among birds and are not much molested 

 by man. They select for their breeding grounds islands in remote 

 lakes far from the haunts of man, where they are probably safe 

 until the encroachments of civilization drive them out. They are 

 not suspicious or wild; in fact, they are much tamer than most 

 gulls, but they do not seem to be fond of human society. 



Winter. — The fall migration is westward to the Pacific coast or 

 southwestward to the large inland lakes of the Southwestern States 

 and Mexico, where they spend the winter, associating on the coast 

 with various other species of gulls. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



Breeding range. — Western North America. East to Great Slave 

 Lake and northeastern North Dakota (Stump and Devils Lake). 

 South to northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Lake) , northern Utah 

 (Great Salt Lake), western Nevada (Pyramid Lake), and north- 

 eastern California (Eagle Lake) . West to central southern Oregon 

 (Klamath Lakes) and central British Columbia. North to northern 

 Mackenzie (Anderson Eiver region). Occurs in summer from 

 Washington (Bellingham Bay) to southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan) , 

 but not known to breed there. 



Breeding grounds protected in the following national reservations : 

 In California, Clear Lake; in Nevada, Anaho Island (Pyramid 

 Lake) ; in Oregon, Klamath and Malheur Lakes; in Wyoming, 

 Yellowstone National Park. 



Winter range. — Pacific coast, from southern British Columbia 

 southward to southwestern Mexico (San Mateo), and from northern 

 Utah (Great Salt Lake) southward to the Gulf of California; rarely 

 east to the coast of Texas. 



Spring migration. — Northeastward to the interior. Early dates of 

 arrival: North Dakota, Devils Lake, April 24; British Columbia, 

 Okanagan Lake, April 11. Late dates of departure: Lower Cali- 

 fornia, San Jose del Cabo, May 17; California, Monterey, May 19. 



Fall migration. — Southwestward toward the coast. Early dates 

 of arrival: British Columbia, Chilliwack, August 26; Washington, 

 Seattle, August 31 ; Oregon, Netarts Bay, September 8 ; California, 

 Monterey, August 21 to October 9; Lower California, Magdalena 

 Bay, November 24. Late dates of departure: Mackenzie, Hay 

 Eiver, November 5; Kansas, Eeno County, October 20. 



Casual records. — Has been recorded in the Hawaiian Islands 

 (Bryan) and in Japan (Seebohm^ 



