XIV 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



G. Exoskeleton of Birds ... 



H. Exoskeleton of Mammals . ... 



I. Summary . 

 VI. The Endoskeleton: the Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebral Column 

 and Ribs . . • • 



A. General Considerations on the Endoskeleton 



B. The Embryonic Origin of the Vertebrae and Ribs 



C. Some Primitive Vertebral Columns 



D. The Vertebral Column of the Dogfish 



E. Vertebral Column of Teleosts 



F. Vertebral Column of Amphibia 



G. Vertebral Column of Reptiles 

 H. Vertebral Column of Birds 



I. Vertebral Column of Mammals 

 J. Summary of the Vertebral Column and Ribs 

 VII. The Endoskeleton: the Comparative Anatomy of the Girdles, the 

 Sternum, and the Paired Appendages . .... 



A. General Considerations . ... 



B. The Pelvic Girdle and the Posterior Paired Appendages . 



C. The Pectoral Girdle, the Sternum, and the Anterior Paired Appendages 



D. General Summary of the Girdles, the Sternum, and the Paired Appendages 



VIII. The Endoskeleton: the Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the 

 Visceral Skeleton 



A. The Cartilage Stage of the Skull 



B. The Visceral Skeleton . 



C. The Formation of the Membrane Bones of the Skull 



D. The Formation of the Cartilage Bones of the Skull and the Composition of 

 the Complete Skull . ... 



E. The Skull of Nechirus, a Partially Ossified Skull 



F. The Skull of the Alligator, a Typical Modern Skull 



G. The Bones of the Mammalian Skull 

 H. General Summary of the Skull and Visceral Skeleton 



IX. The Comparative Anatomy of the Muscular System 



A. General Considerations 



B. The Muscles of the Dogfish 



C. The Muscles of Nechirus 



D. The Muscles of the Cat and Rabbit 



E. Summary ... 



X. The Comparative Anatomy of the Coelom, Digestive, and Respiratory 

 Systems . .... 



A. The Origin and Parts of the Coelom and the Mesenteries 



B. The Digestive Tract and Its Derivatives 



C. The Coelom, Digestive, and Respiratory Systems of Elasmobranchs 



D. The Coelom, Digestive, and Respiratory Systems of Ncctiirus 



E. The Coelom, Digestive, and Respiratory Systems of the Turtle 



F. The Coelom, Digestive, and Respiratory Systems of the Pigeon 



52 

 54 

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57 

 57 

 58 

 63 

 64 

 67 

 68 

 70 

 72 



73 

 76 



78 



78 

 79 

 85 

 94 



96 



99 



100 



103 



107 

 112 

 116 

 126 



128 



12S 

 128 

 13c 

 133 

 157 



15? 

 155 

 15c 

 16; 

 i6S 

 17: 

 i 7 < 



/ 



