Ear bones 127, 301: mammal 120, 

 351- 35 2 * Necturus no; pigeon 

 330; turtle 324 

 Ear drum 162. See Tympanic mem- 

 brane 

 Ectoderm: definition of "34; deriva- 

 tives of 41 

 Efferent branchial arteries: elasmo- 



branchs 216-18; Neclurtts 227 

 Egg: cleavage of 32; kinds of 31 

 Elasmobranchii: chondrocranium 97- 

 100; circulatory system 207-2 2 ; 

 classification of 6; coelom 163-64, 

 166-67; digestive system 164-66, 

 167-68; exoskeleton 47-48; exter- 

 nal anatomy 16-19; mesenteries 

 165-66; nervous system 301-18; 

 pectoral fin 89; pectoral girdle 

 88-89; pelvic fin 80; pelvic girdle 

 79-80; respiratory system 167-68; 

 urogenital system 280-83; verte- 

 bral column 64-66; visceral skele- 

 ton gg-roo 



Elbow: birds 92; mammals 93 



Elevator, definition of 133, 140 



Embryo: cat 294; dogfish 294 



Embryology 3i-43 : amniotes 34, 36, 

 37-39; Amphibia 32, 34, 35, 37-39; 

 Amphioxus 32, 34, 36 



Embryonic membranes 292-94 



Enamel: scale 47, teeth 49 



Endolymphatic ducts 17, 98, 306 



Endolymphatic fossa 98 



Endoskeleton 57-127: chondrocrani- 

 um 96-139; definition of 45, 57 

 gill arches 99-100; limbs 78-94 

 parts of 57; pectoral girdle 85-94 

 pelvic girdle 78-85; ribs 57-77 

 skull 06-127; sternum 85-94; ver- 

 tebral column 57-66; visceral 

 skeleton go- roo 



Endostyle n, 13, 161 



Entoderm: definition of 34; deriva- 

 tives of 41-42 



Entoglossal cartilage 177 



Epicondyles 84, 93 



Epicoracoid 87 



Epidermis 45 : in formation of 

 feathers 52-53, 54; of hair 55; of 

 placoid scales 47 ; of reptilian scales 

 50 



Epididymis 276; elasmobranch 283; 

 mammal 292; turtle 286 



Epiglottis 186 



Epimere 39, 41, 43 



Epiphysis 297, 360: elasmobranch 

 318; mammal 356; Neclurus 320; 

 pigeon 331; turtle 324 



Epistemum 87. See Pectoral girdle 



Epistropheus. See Axis 



Epithalamus 359, 360: elasmobranch 

 318; mammal 356; turtle 327 



Epithelial bodies 162 



Esophagus r6r: elasmobranch 167; 

 mammal 187, r8g; Neclurus 171; 

 pigeon 177; turtle 175 



Ethmoid plate g7, ro4, 109, rri 



Ethmoid region of skull 104: alli- 

 gator 115; mammal 120-22, 350; 

 Necturus in 



Eustachian tube. See Auditory tube 



Exoskeleton 45-56; Amphibia 50; 

 birds 5 2-54 ; definition of 45 ; 

 development of 47; fishes 47-50; 

 mammals 54-5 5 ; reptiles 50-5 2 ; 

 summary 55-56; turtle 51-52 



Extension, definition of 131 



External anatomy 9-30: Amia 22; 

 Amphioxus g-10; Balanoglosws 14; 

 cyclostomes 14-15; dogfish 16-18; 

 elasmobranchs 16-19; ganoids 21; 

 gar pike 21; lamprey 14-15; lizard 

 23-24; mammal 27-29; Necturus 

 22-23; pigeon 25-27; skate 18-19; 

 spoonbill 21; sturgeon 21; sum- 

 mary 29-30; teleost 19-21; tuni- 

 cate 11-12; turtle 24-25 



External auditory meatus 162, 301: 

 alligator ri2; mammal 27, 117,351; 

 pigeon 25, 330 



INDEX 



External carotid artery: elasmo- 

 branch 217; mammal 259-60; Nec- 

 lurus 227; pigeon 245 



External ear 30, 301, 361: lizard 

 23; mammal 27, 351; pigeon 

 25-26, 330 



External genitalia 29, 28g, 290 



External iliac artery: mammal 263- 

 64; turtle 23S 



External iliac vein: mammal 264-65 



External jugular vein: cat 254; 

 Necturus 225; rabbit 252; turtle 

 234 



Eye: development of 300-301, 361; 

 elasmobranch 304-5; mammal 

 345-49; pigeon 329-30; turtle 323 



Eyeball: elasmobranch 304-5; mam- 

 mal 349; pigeon 329-30; turtle 

 323 



Eyelids: dogfish 17; lizard 23; mam- 

 mals 27; muscles of, in mammals 

 346, 347; pigeon 25; turtle 24 



Eye muscles agg, 311; cat 347-48; 

 elasmobranch 304-5; pigeon 329; 

 rabbit 346-47; turtle 323 



Facet 71, 74, 75 



Facial nerve 313, 360: elasmobranch 

 313; mammal 343-44, 355; Nec- 

 turus 321; pigeon 332; turtle 326, 

 327 



Falciform ligament rg6: elasmo- 

 branch 166; mammal 192; Nec- 

 turus 170; pigeon 181; turtle 173 



Fallopian tube. See Uterine tube 



Fascia 130, 134, 136 



Fasciculus 135-36 



Feathers 25-26, 52-54 



Femoral artery: mammal 264; Nec- 

 turus 228; pigeon 246 



Femoral vein: mammal 265; pigeon 

 243; turtle 231 



Femur 79. See Hind limb 



Fenestra, of skull 97 



Fibula 79. See Hind limb 



Fibulare 7g. See Hind limb 



Filiform papilla 185 



Filoplume 25, 52, 54 



Fimbria 357, 358 



Fin-fold theory 78-79 



Fin rays: elasmobranch 17, 80; 

 teleost rg 



Fins: Amphioxus 10; cyclostomes 14; 

 dogfish 17-18, 80, 8g; ganoid 8g; 

 Necturus 23; skate rS-rg; teleost 20 



Fishes: classification of 6; exoskele- 

 ton47-5o; external anatomy i6-2r; 

 fins i7~r8, 20; ribs 66, 67-68; 

 scales 47-50; vertebral column 

 64-68. See further under Elasmo- 

 branchii, Ganoid, and Teleost 



Flexion, definition of i3r 



Flexures of brain, pigeon 330-31 



Floccular fossa 351 



Flocculus 351 



Foliate papilla 185 



Follicle- feather 25, 52; hair 54 



Fontanelle 07, g8 



Foramen epiploicum ig2 



Foramen magnum g8, 109. See under 

 Skull 



Foramina of skull: cat 122-23; 

 rabbit 123-24 



Fore limb 87-S8: bird 92; mammal 

 93-94; turtle 91; urodeles go 



Forebrain. See Prosencephalon 



Form, principles of 1-3 



Fornix 356, 358 



Fossa rhomboidea 318. See under 

 Medulla oblongata 



Frenulum 185 



Frog: pectoral girdle 90; sternum go; 

 vertebral column 69 



Fungiform papilla 185 



Funiculi, of spinal cord 341-42 



Furcula 91 



Gall bladder 163: elasmobranch 164; 

 mammal 191-92; Necturus 170; 

 turtle 174 



375 



Ganglion, definition of 296 



Ganoid fishes: classification of 6; 

 exoskeleton 4g; external anatomy 

 21-22; limbs from fins 79; pectoral 

 fin 89; skull 101-3; vertebral 

 column 63-64 



Ganoid scales 21, 49 



Ganoin 21, 49 



Gar pike. See Lepidosteus 



Gasserian ganglion. See Semilunar 

 ganglion 



Gastric plexus 338 



Gastrocentrous vertebra 71 



Gastrocoel 34: amniotes 35; Am- 

 phibia 35; Amphioxus 34 



Gastrula 34: amniotes 36; Amphibia 

 34; Amphioxus 34 



Geniculate bodies 356, 358 



Geniculate ganglion 313 



Germinal disk 31 



Germ layers 34, ^6; development of 

 36-44 



Gill 161: elasmobra nch 1 68; Nec- 

 turus 22; teleost 20 



Gill arch gg-100, 105, ro7, 126-27: 

 alligator 113, 1 1 5-16 ; cartilage 

 bones from 105; dogfish 99-roo; 

 mammal 126; membrane bones to 

 107; Necturus rri-12; nerves 315; 

 pigeon 177-78; turtle 116-17 



Gill slits 5, 161: Amphioxus 10-11; 

 Balanoglossus 14; dogfish 17, 168; 

 lamprey 1 5 ; Neclurus 22, r 7 r ; 

 skate rg, 168; teleost 20 



Gizzard 180, 181, 182 



GlanS; of penis: mammal 291; 

 turtle 286 



Glenoid fossa go. See Pectoral girdle 



Glomerulus 273, 274, 275 



Glossopharyngeal nerve 360: elasmo- 

 branch 314; mammal 343, 355; 

 Necturus 321; pigeon 33 2 ; turtle 

 326,327 



Glottis: mammal 186; Neclurus 171; 

 pigeon 177; turtle 175 



Gnathostomata, definition of 8 



Gonad 276-78 



Graafian follicles 289 



Gray matter 296, 2g7, 342 



Gubernaculum 292 



Gyrus 353 



Habenula 318, 356, 358 



Haemal arch 60, 61. See Vertebral 



column 

 Haemal canal 60, 65. See Vertebral 



column 

 Haemal spine 60, 61. See Vertebral 



column 

 Hair 27, 54-55 

 Harderian gland: mammal 345, 346, 



348; pigeon 329; turtle 323 

 Haustra 193 

 Head 3, 29, 299-300; segmentation 



of 299-300 

 Heart: development of 201-2; elas- 

 mobranch 166-67, 207, 221-22; 



mammal 187, r88, 248-49, 265-67; 



Necturus 170-71, 222, 228-29; 



pigeon 1S0, 241-42, 246-47; turtle 



172, 230, 238-39 

 Hepatic portal system 204, 205, 



270: development of 204-5; dog- 



fish 212-13; mammal 349-51; 



Necturus 223; pigeon 242; skate 



213; turtle 232-33 

 Hepatic portal vein 204: cat 250-51; 



dogfish- 212-13; Necturus 223; 



pigeon 242, rabbit 249-50; skate 



213; turtle 232-33 

 Hepatic veins 204: dogfish 208; 



mammal 255-56; Necturus 222, 226; 



pigeon 243; skate 210; turtle 234 

 Heterocercal tail 17 

 Heterocoelous vertebra 72 

 Heterodont 124 

 Heteronomy 2 

 Hilus 288 

 Hind limb 79: birds 83; mammals 



84-85; turtle 81-82; urodele 81 



