378 



LABORATORY MANUAL FOR VERTEBRATE ANATOMY 



83-84; origin of 79; parts of 79; 

 turtle 81; urodeles 80-81 



Penis 295: mammal 29, 291-92; 

 turtle 285, 286 



Pericardial cavity 159, 160, 195-97, 

 199: elasmobranch 160-67; mam- 

 mal 187, 188; Necl urus 170-71; 

 pigeon 180; turtle 172 



Pericardial sac 160, 196-97; mammal 

 188; pigeon 180; turtle 172-73 



Pericardio-peritoneal canal 167: dog- 

 fish 222; skate 210, 222 



Pericardium : elasmobranch 166-67 1 

 mammal 188; Neclurus 170; pigeon 

 180; turtle 172 



Periderm 52, 53, 54 



Perimysium 136 



Perineum 29 



Peripheral nervous system 290, 296, 

 298-99,359,360-61: elasmobranchs 

 301-2, 309-16; mammal 334-45, 

 346-49; Neclurus 318-19, 320-21; 

 pigeon 328, 331-32; turtle 321-23, 

 325-27 



Peritoneal cavity 159-60, 196-97, 

 199: mammal 189-90; pigeon 180— 

 82 



Petrosal ganglion: elasmobranch 314; 

 pigeon 332 



Peyer's patches 194 



Phalanges 79, 88. See under Limb 



Pharynx 161-62, 198-99: elasmo- 

 branch 168; mammal 185-86; Nec- 

 lurus 171; pigeon 177; turtle 175 



Phrenic nerve 334-35 



Pia mater: mammal 341 , 35 2-53 ; 

 Neclurus 320; pigeon 330; turtle 

 324 



Pigeon: air sacs 178-81; arterial 

 system 244-46; circulatory system 

 241-48; classification of 7, 25; 

 coelom 180-81, 182-83; digestive 

 system 176-77, 180, 181-82; exo- 

 skeleton 52-54; external anatomy 

 25-26; feathers 25, 52-54; fore 

 limb 92; heart 241-42 , 246-47 ; 

 hind limb 83 ; muscles 179-80; 

 nervous system 328-33; pectoral 

 girdle gi ; pelvic girdle 82-83 \ 

 respiratory system 177-78; ribs 73; 

 sternum 91; syrinx 183; urogenital 

 system 286-87 ; venous system 

 242-44; vertebral column 72-73 



Pineal bod> . See Epiphysis 



Pinna 27, 30, 301, 351, 361 



Pisces 6. See Fishes 



Pituitary body. See Hypophysis 



Placenta 294 



Placental mammal 7 



Placoid scale 47-48 



Planes of body 1 



Plantigrade walk 28 



Plasma 200 



Plastron 25, 52 



Pleura 188; mammal 188, 189, pigeon 

 183 



Pleural cavity 159, 196-97, 199: 

 mammal 187-89; pigeon 181, 182- 



83 

 Pleuroperitoneal cavity 159, 195-99: 



elasmobranch 163-64; Neclurus 



168-69; turtle 172-73 

 Plexus of spinal nerves 299, 359: 



dogfish '3o 1-2 ; mammal 335-37, 



339-40; Neclurus 3ig; pigeon 328; 



skate 302; turtle 322 

 Pneumatic foramen 92, 179 

 Polyodon: classification of 6; external 



anatomy 2r 

 Polypierus: classification of 6; pec- 

 toral fin and girdle 89; ribs 67; 



skull 101 

 Pons 354-55 

 Portal system 200, 204, 204-6. See 



further under Hepatic portal system 



and Renal portal system 

 Postaxial border of limb 24 

 Postcaval vein: development of 



229-30, 241, 247, 268-70, 271; 



mammal 255-56, 264-65, 268-70; 



Neclurus 225-26; pigeon 242, 243- 



44,247; turtle 233, 234-35, 237,241 

 Posterior cardinal vein 203, 270, 271: 



dogfish 208; mammal 269; Nec- 

 lurus 226, 229; pigeon 247; ^skate 



210-11; turtle 240 

 Posterior chamber of eye 305, 349 

 Posterior vena cava. See Postcaval 

 Preaxial border of limb 23 

 Precaval vein 269: cat 253-55; pigeon 



242-43, 247; rabbit 251-53; turtle 



233-34, 240 , . -, 



Prechordal cartilage 97; bones derived 



from T04 

 Premolar teeth 125 

 Prepuce 29, 291-92 

 Procoelous vertebra 69, 70, 76 

 Procoracoid 86. See under Pectoral 



girdle 

 Procricoid cartilage 178 

 Proctodaeum 160; pigeon 287 

 Prone, definition of 28 

 Pronephric duct 273, 275, 294, 295 

 Pronephros 273-74, 275, 294 

 Propterygium 80, 89 

 Prosencephalon 297 

 Prostate gland 291 

 Proventriculus iSi, r82 

 Pseudocentrous vertebrae 69 

 Pterygoid fossa 113, 119 

 Pterygoquadrate cartilage 99, 105 , 



107, no, 114 

 Pubis 79. See Pelvic girdle 

 Pudendal plexus, pigeon 328 

 Pulmonary artery 267, 272: mammal 



248, 257 ; Neclurus 227; pigeon 



244, 245; turtle 235, 236 

 Pulmonary plexus 337 

 Pulmonary veins 200, 272: mammal 



256-57; Neclurus 226; pigeon 242, 



244; turtle 235 

 Pulp: feather 52; scale 47 

 Pulvinar 356, 358 

 Pupil: elasmobranch 305; mammal 



349 

 Pygostyle 73 

 Pylorus: elasmobranch 164; mammal 



1 go, 194; Necturus 169 

 Pyramid, of brain 355, 358 

 Pyriform lobe 354, 358 



Rabbit: arterial system 256-58, 260- 

 64; brain 352-59; circulatory sys- 

 tem 249-65 ; classification of 7 ; 

 coelom 187-89 , t 96-98 ; cranial 

 nerves 334. 337, 338, 342-45, 34°- 

 47, 354-55; digestive system 183- 

 '86, i8g-g4; external anatomy 27- 

 2g; fore limb g3-g4; heart 188, 

 248, 265-66; hind limb 84-85; 

 hyoid apparatus 126, 186; jaw 

 118-19, 124; muscular system 

 134-56; nervous system 333~5o; 

 pectoral girdle 92-93; pelvic 

 girdle 83-84; respiratory system 

 1 86-89 ; ribs 75 ; sense organs 

 345-5 2 ; skull 1 1 6-26 ; spinal 

 nerves 334-42; sternum 93; sym- 

 pathetic system 334-35. 337~39. 

 343-44; teeth 125; urogenital 

 system 288-92 ; venous system 

 249-50, 250-53, 255-57, 264-65; 

 vertebral cglumn 73-76 



Radiale 88. See Fore limb 



Radialia: pectoral fin 89; pelvic fin 

 80 



Radials. See Radialia 



Radius 88. See Fore limb 



Ramuscommunicans299:mammal337 

 turtle 323 



Raphe 133, 136 



Rectal gland 165 



Rectrices 26 



Remiges 26 



Renal corpuscle 275 



Renal portal system 204-6, 214, 224, 

 229, 240-41, 247, 269-70, 271: 

 dogfish 214; mammal 269-70; 

 Necturus 223-25, 229; pigeon 247; 

 skate 214; turtle 230-32, 240-41 



Renal portal vein 206: elasmobranch 

 214; Neclurus 223-24, 229; pigeon 

 243-44, 247; turtle 231-32, 240-41 



Reptilia: classification of 7; exo- 

 skeleton 50-52 ; fore limb 91 ; 

 hind limb 81-82; pectoral girdle 

 go-91; pelvic girdle 91; skull 

 ir 2-16; sternum 91; vertebral 

 column 70-72. See further under 

 Alligator, Lizard, and Turtle 



Respiratory system 161-63, 198-99: 

 elasmobranchs 167-68; mammal 

 186-88; Necturus 171; pigeons 177- 

 78; summary 198-99; turtle 175-76 



Restiform body: elasmobranch 308; 

 mammal 354, 358 



Rete testis 276 



Retina 301, 361: elasmobranch 305; 

 mammal 349; pigeon 330 



Retroperitoneal, definition of 176 



Rhinencephalon: elasmobranchs 307 



Rhombencephalon 297 



Ribs 62, 77: alligator 71-72; Am- 

 phibia 69; birds 73; dogfish 64; 

 kinds of 62, 77; mammals 75; 

 origin of 62; teleost 67-68; turtle 72 



Roots of spinal nerves 298, 359: elas- 

 mobranchs 315, 316; mammal 341.4 



Rostrum 17, 97 



Sacculus, of ear: elasmobranch 306; 



mammal 352; Necturus 319; pigeon 



3^0 

 Sacculus rotundus 193 

 Sacral plexus, pigeon 328 

 Sacrum 69. See under Vertebral 



column 

 Salivary glands 161: mammal 183-84 

 Sauropsida, definition of 8 

 Scales: ctenoid 40-50; cycloid 49; 



fishes 21, 22, 47-50; ganoid 21, 49; 



mammals 55; reptiles 23, 24, 25, 



50-52 

 Scapula 86. See Pectoral girdle 

 Sciatic nerve: mammal 340; Nec- 

 turus 319; pigeon 328; turtle 322 

 Sciatic vein: pigeon 243; turtle 231 

 Sclera 300: elasmobranch 305; mam- 

 mal 349; pigeon 329 

 Sclerotic coat. See Sclera 

 Sclerotome 43 ; in development of 



vertebrae 58-61 

 Scrotum 29, 290 



Scute: armadillo 55; reptiles 50-5 2 

 Segment 2 

 Segmentation 2: of head 299-300, 



315; of circulatory system 204, 206 

 Segmentation cavity 32 

 Sella turcica 121, 351 

 Semicircular canals: mammal 352; 



pigeon 330 

 Semicircular ducts: . elasmobranch 



306; mammal 352; Necturus 319; 



pigeon 330; turtle 326 

 Semilunar ganglion: Necturus 320; 



pigeon 332; turtle 325, 326 

 Semilunar valves: elasmobranch 221; 



mammal 266; Necturus 229; pigeon 



246, 247; turtle 239 

 Seminal vesicle: elasmobranch 283; 



rabbit 291 

 Seminiferous tubules 276 

 Sense organs: development of 300- 



301, 361; elasmobranchs 302-6; 



mammal 345 _ 52; Necturus 319; 



pigeons 329730; turtle 323-24 

 Sensory, definition of 297-98 

 Septum, of brain: mammal 356; 



pigeon 333; turtle 327 

 Septum, of nose: mammal 117, 122, 



350; turtle 323 

 Septum pellucidum 356 

 Serosa, definition of 158 

 Sesamoid bone 83 

 Seymouria: pectoral girdle 88; skull 



106 

 Shell gland 281 



Sinus venosus: elasmobranch 207, 

 221; mammal 248; Necturus 222, 

 228-29; turtle 230, 23S 



