INDEX 



379 



Skate: arterial system 215-19; brain 

 307-9, 316-18; circulatory system 

 210-11, 213, 214, 215-19; classi- 

 fication of 6; coelom 163-67; 

 cranial nerves 300-16; digestive 

 system 164-66; exoskeleton 47; 

 external anatomy 18-19; gills 

 168; heart 207, 221-22; nervous 

 system 301-18; respiratory system 

 168; scales 47; sense organs 302-6; 

 spinal nerves 301-2 ; urogenital 

 system 281-83 ; venous system 

 210-11, 213, 214 

 Skeletogenous regions 5 7 

 Skeletogenous septa 57, 58 

 Skeleton : definition of 45 , 57; 

 exoskeleton 45-56; gill arches 99- 

 100, 111-12; girdles and appen- 

 dages 78-94; ribs 57-77; skull 

 96-127; sternum 85-86, 90-93, 95; 

 summary 94-95; vertebral col- 

 umn 57-77; visceral skeleton 99- 

 100 

 Skin 45-55: microscopic structure of 

 45-46 



Skull 96-97, 99, 1 00-101, 103-7: 

 alligator 112-16; bones of 103-7; 

 * cartilage bones of 103-5; definition 

 of 96; elasmobranchs 97-100; 

 ganoids 101-3; mammal 116-26; 

 membrane bones of 100-103, 105-7; 

 Neclurus 107-12; origin of 96-97 



Solar plexus 338 



Somatopleure, definition of 41 



Somatic mesoderm 36, 41 



Somatic motor column 309, 325 



Somatic muscles 128 



Somatic sensory column: elasmo- 

 branch 308-9; mammal 354; 

 turtle 3 24 



Somite 2 



Spermatic cord 290 



Sperm sac 283 



Sphenodon: classification of 7; verte- 

 bral column 71 



Sphenoid region of skull 104: alli- 

 gator 114-15; bones of 104; mam- 

 mal 120 



Sphenopalatine ganglion 345 



Spinal accessory nerve 361: mammal 

 342, 355; pigeon 332; turtle 326 



Spinal cord 296-98: definition of 296; 

 development of 296-97; functional 

 components 2g8; mammal 341 



Spinal ganglion 298: elasmobranchs 

 315; mammal 341; Necturus 319; 

 pigeon 328; turtle 322 



Spinal nerves 296, 298-99, 359; com- 

 ponents 298; definition of 296; 

 elasmdbranchs 301-2; mammal 

 334-42; Necturus 315-16, 318-ig; 

 parts of 298-99; pigeon 328; 

 turtle 321-23 



Spiracle 17, 168 



Spiral valve 164-65 



Splanchnic mesoderm $6, 41 



Splanchnic nerves 338 



Splanchnocranium 99-100 



Splanchnopleure 41 



Spleen 200: elasmob ranch 164; 

 mammal 190; Necturus 169; pigeon 

 182; turtle 174 



Spoonbill. See Polyodon 



Stegocephala: classification of 7 ; 

 exoskeleton 50; jaw 108; pectoral 

 girdle 87, 88; skull 101, 106; verte- 

 bral column 64 



Sternabia 93 



Sternum 78, 85-86, 95: alligator 91; 

 bird 91; definition of 78; frog 90; 

 mammal 93; origin of 85-86; 

 urodeles 90 



Stomach 160: elasmobranch 164; 

 mammal 190-gi; Neclurus 169; 

 pigeon 181, 182; turtle 174 



Stratum corneum 45, 46. See Exo- 

 skeleton 



Stratum germinativum 45, 46. See 

 Exoskeleton 



Sturgeon. See Acipenser 



Subcardinal vein 204-6, 224, 270-71: 

 elasmobranchs 214; in formation 

 of postcaval vein 229, 241, 268, 

 270-71 



Subclavian artery: cat 258-59; 

 elasmobranch 218; Necturus 227; 

 pigeon 244; rabbit 257-58; turtle 

 235 



Subclavian vein: cat 254; dogfish 

 2og; Necturus 225; pigeon 242-43; 

 rabbit 251; turtle 234 



Subintestinal vein 203, 205, 206, 270 



Sublingual gland 184 



Submaxillary gland 140, 184 



Subscapular fossa 93 



Sulcus 353 



Summary: appendages 94-96; circu- 

 latory system 270-72; coelom 195- 

 99; digestive system 198-99; 

 exoskeleton 55-56; external anat- 

 omy 29-30; girdles 94-96; muscif- 

 lar system 157; nervous system 

 359-61; respiratory system 198-99; 

 ribs 77; sense organs 361; skull 

 1 26-27 ; sternum 95 ; urogenital 

 system 294-95; vertebral column 

 76-77 



Superior cervical ganglion: mammal 

 343; turtle 327 _ 



Superior mesenteric artery: cat 262; 

 pigeon 245; rabbit 261; turtle 237 



Superior mesenteric ganglion 338 



Superior mesenteric vein: cat 250; 

 pigeon 242; rabbit 249 



Supine, definition of 28 



Supracondyloid foramen 93 



Suprascapula 86-87. See Pectoral 

 girdle 



Supraspinous fossa 93 



Supratemporal arcade 106, 112 



Supratemporal fossa 112 



Suspensory ligament: of lens 349; 

 of liver. See Falciform ligament 



Suture, definition of 108, 117 



Swim bladder 163 



Symmetry 1-2 



Sympathetic system 296, 299, 359: 

 mammal 334-35. 337~39, 343"44; 

 pigeon 328, 332; turtle 321, 322-23, 

 327 



Symphysis: ischial 81, 84; jaws 115; 

 pubic 81, 84 



Synotic tectum 97, 104, in 



Synsacrum 73 



Syrinx 183 



Systemic veins 200, 203-4: definition 

 of 200; development 203-4; dog- 

 fish 207-10; mammal 251-56, 264- 

 65; Neclurus 225-26; pigeon 242- 

 44; skate 210-11; turtle 233-35, 

 237 



Tarsales 79. See Hind limb 



Tarsus 7g: bird 83; mammal 84-85; 

 turtle 82 



Teeth 49-50; alligator 116; homology 

 of 49-50; mammal 124-25; Nec- 

 lurus 109, 171; structure of 49-50 



Tegmentum 357 



Telencephalon 297, 359= elasmo- 

 branch 307, 318; Neclurus 320. 

 See Cerebral hemisphere 



Teleostei: classification 6i 6; external 

 anatomy 19-21; pectoral girdle 

 87, 8g; ribs 67-68; scales 49~5o; 

 vertebral column 67-68 



Teieostomi: classification of 6. See 

 further under Ganoids 



Telolecithal, definition of 31 



Temporal fossa 117 



Tendon, definition of 136 



Tendon of Achilles 155 



Tentorium 121, 351 



Testis 276, 295: descent of 290; 

 elasmobranch 282; mammal 290, 

 292; pigeon 287; turtle 286 



Thalamencephalon. See Diencepha- 

 lon 



Thalamus 359-60; elasmobranch 318; 

 mammal 356, 358; turtle 327 



Thecodont 116, 124 



Thoracic duct 260 



Thorax 27, 187-89: muscles of 139, 

 144-50 



Thymus 162: mammal 189; turtle 

 235 



Thyroid cartilage 142, 187 



Thyroid gland 1 6 r , 162: elasmo- 

 branch 215; mammal 187; turtle 

 235 



Tibia 7g, 80. See Hind limb 



Tibiale 7g, 80. See Hind limb 



Tongue: elasmobranch 168; mammal 

 185; Necturus 171; pigeon 177; 

 turtle 175 



Tonsils,i62, 186 



Trabecula g7. See Prechordal 



Trabeculae carnae 266 



Trachea 162-63, 199: mammal 187; 

 Necturus 171; pigeon 177, 178, 183; 

 turtle 175 



Transverse septum 159, i95-g8, 203- 

 4: elasmobranch 166, 167; mam- 

 mal 189, 197; Necturus 170, 171; 

 pigeon 180-81, ig7; turtle 173, 196 



Trapezoid body 354, 358 



Tricuspid valve 266 



Trigeminus nerve 360: elasmobranch 

 311-13; mammal 344-45, 346, 347, 

 348,355; Necturus 320-21; pigeon 

 331-32; turtle 325-26 



Trochanter 83, 84 



Trochlea: of eye 346, 347; of humerus 

 93 



Trochlear nerve 360: elasmobranch 

 307, 308, 310: mammal 347, 349, 

 354; Neclurus 320; pigeon 32g, 331; 

 tuitle 323, 325 



Tuber cinereum 354 



Tuberculum of rib 69, 71. 75 



Tuberculum cuneatum 354, 358 



Tunicata: classification of 6; external 

 anatomy n-12; internal anatomy 

 12-13; pharynx 13 



Turbinals 300. See Conchae 



Turbinated bones 1 2 r-22 . See 

 Conchae 



Turtle: arterial system 235-38; brain 

 324-25, 327; carapace 51-52; cir- 

 culatory system 230-41; classifica- 

 tion of 7; coelom 172-73; cranial 

 nerves 3 25-27 ; digestive system 

 173-75; exoskele'ton 51-52; exter- 

 nal anatomy 24-25; fore limb 91; 

 heart 230, 238-39; hind limb 81-82; 

 hyoid apparatus 115-16; nervous 

 system 3 2 1-28; pectoral girdle 

 90-gi; pelvic girdle 81; plastron 

 5 2 ; respiratory system 1 7 5-76 ; 

 sense organs 323-25; spinal nerves 

 321-23; sympathetic system 322- 

 23 ; urogenital system 284-86; 

 .venous system 230-35, 237; verte- 

 bral column 72 



Tympanic bulla 117, 119, 120, 351-52 



Tympanic cavity 162, 300-301, 361: 

 mammal 35i _ 5 2 ; pigeon 339; 

 turtle 324 



Tympanic membrane 1.63, zoi, 361: 

 cat 352; pigeon 330; rabbit 351; 

 .turtle 324 



Ulna 88. See Fore limb 



Ulnare 88. See Fore limb 



Umbilical vein 203, 294 



Uncinate process 73 



Unguligrade walk 28 



Ureter 276, 294: mammal 288; pigeon 



287; turtle 285, 286 

 Urethra 279, 288, 2go, 291 

 Urethral groove 286 

 Urinary bladder 163, 276, 292, 295: 



mammal 190, 194, 288; • Neclurus 



167 170, 284; skate 282; turtle 



174, 285, 286 

 Urodaeum 287 

 Urodela: classification of 7; external 



anatomy 22-23; fore limb 90; hind 



limb 81; pectoral girdle 89-90; 



pelvic girdle 80-81 ; vertebral 



