ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 107 



Ulceration of the Lips of a phagedenic character is 

 not infrequent ; there is much loss of substance, which is 

 replaced, by a flocculent mucoid substance. This is gene- 

 rally attributed to local injury and abrasions irom tartar ; 

 but I am by no means convinced that this : is' the true 

 cause, as even after apparent cure these ulcers are .liable 

 to recur and the parts involved remain hardened. They 

 somewhat remind me of the ulcers on the lips of horses as 

 seen during the " rains" in India, and of those, of stoma!- 

 titis gangrenosa as seen in the calf. Treatment consists 

 in tonic doses and strict hygiene, cleansing of. the mouth, 

 and application of nitrate of silver to the ulcers ; if there be 

 marked indigestion the bowels must first be opened freely. 



Warts in the Mouth invading the cheek, tongue, 

 palate, and lips sometimes prove very troublesome for they 

 are liable to become large and to disfigure the animal. 

 They are generally so numerous as to defy thorough and 

 complete removal with scissors, but this must be done as 

 much as. possible, and the operation repeated as often as 

 necessary. The mouth also should be constantly rinsed 

 out with a solution of acetic acid (1 to 40). 



Pharyngitis has already been described in some detail 

 under the heading " Sore-throat." We may supplement 

 the remarks there made by saying that the pharynx is 

 seldoni the sole seat of inflammation. The disease may 

 assume a chronic character, the parts becoming relaxed 

 and swallowing requiring an effort for its proper accom- 

 plishment. In such cases there may be also thickening or 

 ulceration of the lining membrane of the pharynx., and 

 nitrate of silver must be applied as extensively as possible, 

 the mouth being kept open with a gag and a long .caustic 

 holder used. 



The oesophagus of the dog is large in ; calibre and 

 highly dilatable, funnel-shaped at its posterior extremity} 

 and red to its termination ; there is free communication 

 forwards as well as backwards between the stomach 

 and the gullet. The stomach is relatively large, its 

 lining mUcous membrane is villous throughout, , it' has 

 po well-marked blind pouch at the left extremity. ' The 



