136 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 



4. T. echinoeoceus is a very small tapeworm, but has 

 a very large cystic form, which gives rise to true hydatids 

 in man and other animals. These frequent especially the 

 liver and lungs, and sometimes attain the size of a cricket 

 ball, and by accidental rupture cause death. 



5. T. serrata has, as its larval form, Oysticercus pisiformis 

 of the hare and rabbit. The adult tapeworm is, therefore, 

 said to be most frequent in harriers and greyhounds.* 



Our efforts for lessening the number of tapeworms must 

 comprise destruction of the faeces of affected animals, also 

 of the hydatid-infested organs of herbivora, also of the 

 tapeworms which are obtained on post-mortem examination 

 or expelled as the result of medicinal treatment. As a taenia- 

 fuge the best agent decidedly for ordinary use in canine 

 practice is areca nut in doses of from half a drachm to two 

 drachms according to the size of the patient. It should be 

 combined with a cathartic. Oil of turpentine is always 

 available and can be freely utilised if combined with bland 

 oil of twice or thrice its bulk, about three fluid drachms 

 being the maximum dose ; it acts promptly and effectually. 

 Vermifuges should always be followed by vegetable and 

 mineral tonics as soon as the action of the accompanying 

 cathartic has passed of. We need scarcely add that with 

 the means already at our disposal we no longer deem it 

 right to give the so-called mechanical vermifuges, liquid 

 mercury, powdered glass, cowhage, or tin filings ; where 

 collections of worms give rise to intestinal obstruction, as 

 is occasionally the case, the nature of the impaction will 

 probably not be discovered until after death. 



Anacker, of Berne, writing to Der Thierarzt, 1875, 

 points out the frequency of disease from worms penetrating 

 the intestines, especially Ascarides which have a horny 

 mouth, in some cases furnished with teeth. Agglomeration 

 of these worms frequently causes fatality of dogs and cats, 

 by suction giving rise to minute red ulcers and true catar- 

 rhal enteritis ; Taenia crassicollis also acts thus in the 



* Boihriocephahis latus, a form of tapeworm found in the dog and man, is 

 of little clinical importance; nor is Taenia literata important, but it must be 

 noted as having been found in the small intestines of the dog and cat. 



