THE URINARY APPARATUS. 155 



indicative of very acute renal irritation and inflammation, 

 with great pain in voiding fasces ; at other times the 

 patient suffers but little irritation. There can be no doubt 

 that many small calculi form and pass from the kidney 

 without causing the animal any inconvenience, but in the 

 bladder they may become the nuclei of new concretions. 

 The inflammation of the kidney must be treated, and espe- 

 cially opium given in quantity to allay, pain, which also 

 may be effected by use of warm water. Hill recom- 

 mends mild diuretics and laxatives to encourage the 

 descent of the calculi, also mucilaginous drinks and sharp 

 exercise. These cases are not easy to diagnose ; at most 

 the presence of calculus is only, shrewdly suspected in 

 nephritis. 



Atrophy and Hypertrophy of the kidney are not 

 unfrequently found and are not always disease. They 

 seldom are detectable during life and also seldom cause 

 inconvenience. Hydatids of this organ, mentioned by 

 Blaine as being more frequent in the dog than in man, 

 are probably merely cysts of retention due to blocking up 

 of the tubuli uriniferi, either from Bright's disease or 

 from simple concretions of urine salts and mucus in the 

 tubuli uriniferi. 



Parasites. — Eustrongylus gigas has been found in the 

 kidney of the dog. Its female has been observed over 

 a yard in length and as large round as the little finger. 



Fig. 44. — Uustrongylus gigas, after Cobboid. 



The Ureter is occasionally blocked by impaction of 

 escaping renal calculi; this is generally spasmodic and 



