156 THE DISEASES OV THE DOG. 



acutely painful, but the spasm ultimately yields, and the 

 stone passes on into the bladder. Sometimes the ureters 

 are chronically dilated, and they may contain sabulous 

 matter. 



Cystitis is generally of rare occurrence, but Blaine and 

 Youatt have placed on record an epizooty of it observed 

 by them in 1810. It is attributed when sporadic to pro- 

 longed retention of urine, irritation from calculi or para- 

 sites, and strangury induced by imprudent use of can- 

 tharides or turpentine, internally or externally. Mechanical 

 injury is mentioned as a cause. Perhaps it most frequently 

 results from obstruction to the passage of urine by abnor- 

 mality of the prostate. The patient exhibits extreme 

 restlessness and colicky pains ; he constantly changes his 

 posture and his hind limbs tremble ; he is anxious and 

 extremely irritable. Fever is present, and much pain is 

 expressed on pressure of the walls of the belly, especially 

 against the pelvis, towards which part the animal some- 

 times looks anxiously. Urine is passed guttatim or is 

 suppressed, and the act or attempt at expulsion is painful. 

 In more chronic cases the symptoms very closely resemble 

 those of nephritis. 



Treatment. — Relieve pain by hot baths and opiates, 

 which means will also overcome spasm of the urethra ; 

 local bleeding by means of leeches to the perinasum is 

 useful, as also are fomentations and emollient enemata. 

 Mucilaginous and alkaline drinks may be given. The 

 catheter should be passed to ensure the absence of reten- 

 tion or obstruction, which must be overcome if detected. 

 The bowels in chronic cases should be constantly regulated, 

 and exploration made to determine whether calculus is 

 present or no. 



Cystic Calculus must be considered as frequent in the 

 dog, and cases are on record also in the bitch. Analysis 

 has shown that these concretions are composed of triple 

 phosphate and phosphate of lime. They vary much in 

 size and external form, some being smooth and spherical 

 others spicular and irregular ; naturally the latter are 

 the source of the greatest amount of irritation. Generally 



