252 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 



tion, but fracture may usually be correctly diagnosed. 

 Peuch and Toussaint remark that the " horse and dog are 

 the only animals in which humero-radial luxation is 

 observed." Dislocation of the shoulder sometimes occurs, 

 and may be reduced by extension and counter-extension. 

 Hill accomplishes this easily by passing a strong towel or 

 surcingle underneath the brisket, between the forelegs, 

 over the withers, round the girth, and across the front of 

 the breast. This is held firmly, while an assistant steadily 

 draws the limb in the direction required. The knee and 

 hock also, are liable to dislocation. The patella is not 

 infrequently "put out;" it may be restored by pressure 

 while the foot is held forward, and retained by a bandage. 

 The coxo-femoral joint is liable to dislocation in the dog, 

 in which animal it is rendered possible by the absence of 

 a pubic-femoral ligament and by the length of ligamentum 

 teres. In its reduction, in addition to extension and 

 counter-extension, a certain amount of rotation will be 

 found necessary. The small joints of the foot are some- 

 times "put out" by injuries. Lafosse has recorded 

 three cases of luxation of the lower jaw of the dog, a very 

 remarkable lesion and scarcely possible without fracture, 

 considering the firm hinge-like union between the bones 

 and the smallness of the interarticular cartilages. Band- 

 ages, splints, and adhesives may be applied for disloca- 

 tions as for fractures, and care must be taken lest the 

 injured joint be used too early, before thorough repair has 

 occurred. Blistering or application of the hot iron may 

 be needed to complete the cure. 



Anchylosis and Exostosis is referred to by Blaine as 

 follows : " Stiff joints, splmts, and spavins occasionally 

 enter the kennel as well as the stable, and when not too far 

 advanced in the ossifying process may sometimes be 

 checked by a blister repeatedly applied." Peuch and 

 Toussaint recommend firing superficially in these cases, 

 and allude specially to exostoses of the elbow, stifle, and 

 hip. These diseases are most frequent in sporting dogs, 

 as also are spbains, ranging from extensive subcutaneous 

 rents in muscle, or the " breaking down " of sinews (espe- 



