CHAPTER VIII 



PHOTOGRAPHING OBJECTS WITH A VERTICAL CAMERA ; 

 PHOTOGRAPHING LARGE TRANSPARENT OBJECTS ; 

 PHOTOGRAPHING WITH A MICROSCOPE : (A) TRANS- 

 PARENT OBJECTS ; (B) OPAQUE OBJECTS AND THE 

 SURFACES OF METALS AND ALLOYS* 



APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR THIS CHAPTER 



Vertical camera with photographic objectives (Fig. 169), small vertical camera 

 with special microscope stand for embryos, etc. (Figs. 1S3-184); arrangement of 

 camera for large transparent objects (Fig. 1S1); photo-micrographic cameras (Figs. 

 1S3-184, 192); photographic objectives for gross and microscopic work I Figs. 170- 

 171, 176-1S0); microscope, microscopic objectives and projection oculars (Figs. 1S5, 

 1S9, 193); color screens, lamps, dr}' plates and the chemicals and apparatus neces- 

 sary for developing, printing, etc. 



\ 336. Nothing would seem more natural than that the camera, armed with a 

 photographic objective or with a microscopic objective, should be called into the 

 service of science to delineate with all their complexit}- of detail, the myriads of 

 forms studied. 



For photographing many objects in nature the camera remains horizontal or 

 approximately so, but for a great many of those studied in botany, zoology, miner- 

 alogy and in anatomy the specimens cannot be put in a vertical position necessary 

 for a horizontal camera. This difficulty has been overcome by using a mirror or a 

 45-degree prism. These are practically alike and have the defect of producing a 

 picture with the inversion of a plane mirror. 



VERTICAL CAMERA 



\ 337. To meet all the difficulties the object may be left in a horizontal posi- 

 tion and the camera made vertical (fig. 169). 



For the last twenty-five years such a camera has been in use in the Anatomical 

 Department of Cornell University for photographing all kinds of specimens ; 



*Papers on this subject were given by the writer at the meeting of the Amer- 

 ican Association for the Advancement of Science in 1S79, and at the meeting of 

 the Society of Naturalists of the eastern United States in 1883 ; and in Science 

 Vol. Ill, pp. 443, 444- 



