Xli PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ANIMALS. 



Comparative Physiology of Voice. 



Mammals, 213. Birds, syrinx, 214. Structure and mode of action, 

 215. Reptiles, frogs, insects, 216. Grasshoppers, cicada, 217. 



CHAPTER III. 



MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS. 



SECTION I. 



Muscular System. 



Muscles, kinds of, 220. Voluntary muscle, 221. Structure of in- 

 voluntary muscle and its mode of action, 223. 



SECTION II. 



Skeletal System. 



Defined, 223. Number of bones in man, joints, movable joints, 

 224. Examples of adaptation, 225. (1) Comparative morphology of 

 vertebral column, 226. (2) Structure of shoulder joint and fore limb in 

 vertebrates, motion and locomotion, limb-motion, 227. Power of mus- 

 cular contractions shown by examples, biceps, 228. Deltoid, gastroc- 

 nemius and soleus, 229. Locomotion, 230. Co-ordination of muscular 

 action, 231. 



SECTION III. 



Comparative Morphology and Physiology 0/ Muscle and Skeleton. 



Vertebrates, invertebrates, Arthropods, 232. Relation of muscle 

 and skeleton, hinge motion, 233. Universal motion, 234. Worms, 

 mode of locomotion, 235. 



Mollusca : Acephala, 236 ; gastropods, cephalopods, 237. Ccelen- 

 terata : Medusa, 238. Protozoa : Infusoria, rhizopods, 239. 



CHAPTER IV. 



GENERAL LAWS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE, OR GENERAL LAWS OF 

 MORPHOLOGY. 



SECTION I. 



Introductory. 



Analogy vs. Homology, examples of each from animals, 242. 

 From plants, 243. Two fundamental ideas in homology, 246. Ho- 

 mology traceable only within the limits of primary divisions of the 

 animal kingdom, 247. 



