SENSE ORGANS. jjj 



wall twenty feet off ; the image is a little more than two 

 inches in diameter. Look at a building one hundred 

 feet off ; the image is about ten inches in diameter. 



Illustrations meet us on every side. In a fog objects 

 look large, because, being dim, they are supposed far- 

 ther off than they really are. In the exceptionally clear 

 atmosphere of Colorado or Nevada objects at first seem 

 smaller because they seem nearer than they are, and 

 they seem nearer because they are seen so plainly. 



Form. — Outline form is a combination of directions 

 of radiants, and is therefore seen immediately. We are 

 not deceived. But solid form is always a judgment. We 

 judge sometimes by binocular perspective, sometimes by 

 shading produced by light. We may be deceived by 

 skillful shading of a picture, as in scene painting. 



Gradations of Judgments. — There are all degrees 

 of complexity of judgments from simple gifts of sight 

 on the one hand to the most complex intellectual judg- 

 ments on the other, i. Light, its intensity, color, and 

 direction. These are direct gifts, are ultimate facts, and 

 therefore incapable of analysis. 2. Then come outline 

 form and surface contents. These are given immediately, 

 and therefore are not liable to deception, but are capable 

 of analysis into simpler elements — viz., a combination of 

 directions. 3. Next comes solid form, which is a judg- 

 ment, based partly on binocular perspective and partly 

 on the shading of light. Here, for the first time, we are 

 liable to deception. 4. Then come the complex judg- 

 ments of relative distance and size of objects in an ex- 

 tensive landscape. All of these judgments are so rapid 

 that they are usually not recognized as judgments at all. 

 I therefore call them visual judgments. 5. These pass 

 by insensible gradations to the simpler intellectual judg- 

 ments, and these, in their turn, into the most complex 

 process of thought-work. 



