SENSE ORGANS. 



213 



tongue not quite so much retracted, the lips drawn more 

 together, and a little protruded, and the same note be- 

 comes 0, as in lo ! (6) Bring the jaws still more together 

 and the tongue a very little more to the front, and the lips 

 more drawn together and more protruded, and the same 

 note now becomes 00 as in tool. (7) Finally, with all parts 

 remaining as in the last, bring the tip of the tongue for- 

 ward as in the first position, as in making ee, and the 

 same note now becomes it, or the French u, or the Ger- 

 man ii with the Umlaut. 



Consonants. — Articulation is the breaking of the voice 

 into segments. The vowels are the segments, the con- 

 sonants the modes of breaking, or interruption. The 

 interruption may be complete, as in b, p, d, t, k, and g 

 hard, or may be incomplete, as in s,f, I, r, etc. The in- 

 terruption may be by the lips, as in p, b, m, or between the 

 tongue and teeth, as in t, d, n, or between the tongue and 

 roof of the mouth, as in k and 



Non-vocal. Vocal. 



p b 



t d 



k g hard 



j z 



/• v 



ch j or g soft 



sh j French 



th th soft 



g hard. Again, every one of 

 these may be non-vocalized or 

 vocalized, so that we may make 

 two parallel series of conso- 

 nants, the terms of which cor- 

 respond each to each, only dif- 

 fering in the fact that one is 

 vocal and the other not. Since 

 whispered speech is articulation of the aspiration, it is 

 easy to see why it is difficult to distinguish the corre- 

 sponding terms of this series in whispering. 



There are other modes of classifying consonants, 

 but our object is only to bring out principles. 



COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE. 



Mammals. — The structure of the larynx and the mode 

 of making a voice is precisely the same in mammals as 



