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PREVENTION, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT I2I 



effective. This same solution may be injected deep under the skin, 

 providing the gelatin has been sterilized by boiling the solution one 

 hour. While its action is thus made more certain and rapid, there 

 is some danger of producing abscess at the site of injection. When 

 hemorrhage can be attacked by direct application to its source, 

 adrenalin is preeminently the best hemostatic agent — apart from 

 surgery. 



The subcutaneous injection of fresh serum — serum less than 

 two weeks old — has recently been found the most efficient agent to 

 arrest persistent hemorrhage where surgical means are not suitable. 

 Horse and rabbit serum are most appropriate. Bovine serum ap- 

 pears to be toxic for most other animals and humans. Serum may 

 be obtained by incision of the jugular vein in the horse under aseptic 

 precautions and introduction of a canula into the vein. The blood 

 is withdrawn into a sterile vessel. The vessel is kept covered on 

 ice for 12 hours and the serum is then simply poured off from the 

 clot. 



The blood must not at any time be agitated as then the serum 

 will not be clear. Serum contains some body which tends to increase 

 the coagulability of blood, when the serum is fresh. Antidiphtheretic 

 serum might be used, but it has to be kept at least six weeks before 

 it is used so as to determine its freedom from tetanus infection 

 through animal inoculation. When serum is injected subcutane- 

 ously it may be given at frequent intervals, if desired, but these in- 

 tervals must not be longer than ten days, or an animal may be killed 

 owing to increasing sensitiveness (anaphylaxis). The dose of serum 

 for small animals would be about 2 to 4 drams ; for large animals 

 about 4 ounces. 



Gastric and Intestinal Hemorrhage. — These may be 

 caused by foreign bodies; parasites (bots, tape-worm, etc.) ; ulcers; 

 new growths; external violence; dysentery; enteritis; obstruction 

 to the venous circulation in heart, lung and liver diseases ; general 



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