PREVENTION, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 



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Calculi are commonly of five varieties: 1. Chiefly calcium 

 carbonate, white, and pearl or coral-like appearance, or green and 

 metallic. 2. Ammonio-magnesium phosphate. These are precip- 

 itated from magnesium phosphate by the occurrence of ammonia in 

 the bladder from infection and fermentation of urine. 3. Siliceous 

 or hard, smooth, round stones, precipitated from potassium or 

 sodium silicate by acid in the urine. 4. Calcium oxalate or rough, 

 mulberry-like calculi due to insufficient oxidation of organic acid 

 in the body. 5. Gravel or simple crystals found especially in the 

 sheath of oxen. 



Treatment. — This will of course depend upon the cause. If 

 retention is merely due to spasm of the sphincter of the bladder, 

 then the use of heat — as by hot cloths over the loins, a warm bath 

 for small animals, or the use of a warm enema — will often suffice, 

 with the administration of morphine and atropine internally. 

 Pressure on the bladder through the rectum and the use of a catheter 

 are most efficient. In case of stone in the urethra in oxen, which is 

 usually found in the ischial region or in the S curve, treatment 

 consists in working forward the stone by massage or in urethrot- 

 omy, unless the animal is too fat. If this is unsuccessful, the animal 

 must be killed before rupture of the bladder spoils the meat. In 

 sheep the urethra is apt to be obstructed about the meatus by local 

 deposit of sediment, which leads to inflammation of the end of the 

 sheath. It is necessary to remove the spiral filament at the ex- 

 tremity of the penis to secure expulsion of this sediment, which 

 should be done, or else the animal be slaughtered to avoid rupture 

 of the bladder. Stroking the urethra should, however, be tried 

 first, to remove the stone or Sediment at the distal end of the 

 urethra. Sheep which are richly fed should be compelled to move 

 several times daily in order that micturition will be brought about. 

 Circumcision, incision, or cystotomy may be indicated in phimosis, 

 paraphimosis and stone in the bladder. 



Stone is caused by foreign bodies in the bladder, by precipita- 



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