264 DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



tion of lime from hard water or from food rich in its salts (bran), 

 commonly from excessive feeding, of nitrogenous food. and lack, of 

 exercise, in fattening (uric. acid stone), and from phosphatic (de- 

 posits in the bladder from the decomposing urine of cystitis and 

 infections of the urinary tract. In addition, there is thought to be 

 a constitutional tendency — lithiasis— allied to the gouty and arthri- 

 tic dyscrasiae. Supplying a liberal amount of sodium bicarbonate 

 on the feed (C, §i; Sh.,,3i), and a generous supply qf .water, .will 

 prevent stone in most, cases and is, commonly practiced. 



Retention of urine from paralysis of the detrusor muscles in 

 nervous disease jttiay be treated with strychnine and -.remedies 

 directed toward the ; primary, disorder. 



The formation of calculus or stone in the kidney is seen in 

 horses occasionally and other animals. Diagnosis rests on the 

 occurrence of attacks of colic, especially after .exercise, and follow- 

 ing these there is apt to be blood in the urine and ;the constant 

 presence of albumen, without casts or, other evidences of nephritis. 

 A pyelitis or pyelo-nephritis, with the presence of -pus -in the urine, 

 may be induced by stone in the kidney. In human medicine a 

 positive diagnosis, of stone ; in the kidney is now possible by the use 

 of the X-ray. 



A stone not uncommonly lodges in the ureter, when the symp* 

 toms may resemble renal, colic, as it shifts along from .time to time. 

 Or dilation of the urethra above the stone and hydronephrosis, etc,, 

 may follow. Examination per rectum may lead to discovery of 

 ureteral stone. 



Removal of stone from the kidney or ureter in the large animals 

 is a difficult undertaking. Stone in the bladder is a much simpler 

 matter as to diagnosis and treatment. The symptoms are generally 

 of cystitis, 'but, besides frequency of micturition, there is often a 

 sudden stoppage of the stream during the act, owing to plugging 

 of the neck of the bladder by the stone. Pain is ^Iso ; more marked, 

 so that the animal groans, stretches out his limbs, kicks his belly, 



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