CHAPTER VIII. 



PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHY WITH A 

 VERTICAL CAMERA.* 



APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR THIS CHAPTER. 



Compound microscope with achromatic condenser ; Achromatic and apochro- 

 maticobjec ives ; Oculars, ordinary and projection ; Lamp and bull's-eye condenser 

 of some form ; Photo micrographic camera, and an ordinary copying camera ; Fo- 

 cusing glass; dry plates, developer, fixer, trays, darkroom, and the other things 

 needed for photograph}', like printing frames, etc., etc. ; Photographic-objectives, 

 one for large objects and one for small objects to be magnified from two to fifteen 

 diameters. 



3 323. Nothing would seem more natural than that the camera, armed with a 

 photographic objective or with a microscopic objective, should be called into the 

 service of science to delineate with all their complexity of detail, the myriads of 

 forms studied. Indeed, the very first pictures made on white paper and white 

 leather, sensitized by silver nitrate, were made by the aid of a solar microscope 

 ( 1802). The pictures were made by Wedgwood and Davy, and Davy says : "I have 

 found that images of small objects produced by means of the solar microscope may 

 be copied without difficulty on prepared paper." f 



'* Considerable confusion exists as to the proper nomenclature of photography 

 with the microscope. In Germany and France the term micro- photography is very 

 common, while in English photo-micrography and micro-photography mean difer- 

 ent things. Thus : A photo-micrograph is a photograph of a small or microscopic 

 object, usually made with a microscope and of sufficient size for observation with 

 the unaided eye ; while a micro-photograph is a small or microscopic photograph 

 of an objecf, usually a large object, like a man or woman, and is designed to be 

 looked at with a microscope. 



Dr. A. C. Mercer, in an article in the Proc. Amer. Micr. Soc, 1886, p. 131, says 

 that Mr. George Shadbolt made this distinction. See the Liverpool and Manches- 

 ter Photographic Journal (now British Journal of Photography), Aug. 15, 1858, p. 

 203 ; also Sutton's Photographic Notes, Vol. Ill, 1858, pp. 205-208. On p. 208 of 

 the last, Shadbolt's word "Photomicrography" appears. Dr. Mercer puts the 

 case very neatly as follows : "A photo-micrograph is a macroscopic photograph of 

 a microscopic object ; a micro-photograph is a micro scopic photograph of a macro- 

 scopic object." See also Medical News, Jan. 27, 1894, p. 108. 



t In a most interesting paper by A. C. Mercer on "The Indebtedness of Photog- 

 raphy to Microscopy, Photographic Times Almanac, 1887, it is shown that : "To 



