CHAPTER VIII 



PHOTOGRAPHING OBJECTS WITH A VERTICAL CAM- 

 ERA; PHOTOGRAPHING LARGE TRANSPARENT OB- 

 JECTS; PHOTOGRAPHING WITH A MICROSCOPE 

 (A) TRANSPARENT OBJECTS; (B) OPAQUE 

 OBJECTS AND THE SURFACES OF 

 METALS AND ALLOYS ; ENLARGE- 

 MENTS; LANTERN SLIDES; 

 BACTERIAL CULTURES. 



APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR THIS CHAPTER 



Vertical camera with photographic objectives (Fig. 161), small vertical 

 camera with special microscope stand for embryos, etc. (Fig. 165); arrange- 

 ment of camera for large transparent objects (Fig. 169), photo-micrographic 

 camera (Fig. 172); photographic objectives for gross and microscopic work 

 (Figs. 162, 166-168) ; microscope, microscopic objectives and projection oculars 

 (Figs. 174-175); color screens, lamps, dry plates and the chemicals and appara- 

 tus necessary for developing, printing, etc. 



$ 271. Nothing would seem more natural than that the camera, fitted 

 with a photographic objective or with a microscopic objective, should be 

 called into the service of science to delineate with all their complexity of 

 detail, the myriads of forms studied. 



For photographing many objects in nature the camera remains horizontal 

 or approximately so, but for a great many of those studied in botany, zoology, 

 mineralogy and in anatomy the specimens cannot be safely or conveniently 

 put in the vertical position necessary for a horizontal camera. This difficulty 

 has been overcome by using a mirror or a 45-degree prism. These are practi- 

 cally alike and have the defect of producing a picture with the inversion of a 

 plane mirror. 



VERTICAL CAMERA* 



*Papers on this subject were given by the writer at the meeting of the 

 American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879, and at the 

 meeting of the Society of Naturalists of the eastern United States in 1883; and 

 in Science Vol. Ill, pp. 443, 444. 



