324 DRAWINGS FOR BOOK ILLUSTRATION [ CH. X 



DRAWINGS FOR PUBLICATION 



\ 487. Preparation of Drawings. — The inexpensive processes of reproduc- 

 ing drawings bring within the reach of every writer upon scientific subjects 

 the possibility of presenting to the eye by diagrams and drawings the facts dis- 

 cussed in the text. Though artistic ability is necessary for perfect representa- 

 tion of an object, neatness and care will enable anyone to make a simple illus- 

 trative drawing, from which an exact copy can be obtained and a plate pre- 

 pared for printing. 



A careful study of the cuts or plates used to illustrate the same class of 

 facts as one wishes to show will enable one to produce similar effects. Out- 

 lines which are transferred to the drawing paper may be obtained by the 

 camera lucida, the projection microscope (Figs. 257-258), or from a photo- 

 graph. The drawing should be made so that it can be reduced anywhere 

 from one-eighth to one-half. For ordinary photo-engraving for such line 

 drawings as are used to illustrate this book, use perfectly black carbon ink. A 

 shaded or wash drawing can be reproduced by the half-tone process, also photo- 

 graphs as is illustrated by figures 79, 82, 89-92, 180-182. A crayon drawing on 

 stipple paper with shadows re-enforced by ink lines and high lights scratched 

 out with a sharp knife give admirable results for anatomic figures by the half- 

 tone process. For examples see the various volumes of the American Journal 

 of Anatomy. In vol. iv. pp. 409-443, and in vol. viii, pp. 17-47, one will find 

 in the accompanying plates pure line drawings, half tones from photographs, 

 and half tones from shaded drawings. 



\ 488. The Lettering on Drawings. — For half-tones this should be done 

 directly on the drawing, as illustrated by the plates just referred to. 



For photographic reproduction of line work, letters, numerals or words 

 used to designate the different parts can be put on the drawings by pasting 

 the printed letters etc. of the proper size in the right position. In preparing 

 the block the engraver removes all shadows from the edge so that the letters 

 look as if printed on the drawing. If tissue paper were used on which to print 

 the letters the engraver would have less trouble in removing shadows around 

 the edge of the paper. 



Letters and figures should be distinct, but not so large that they are the 

 most conspicuous feature of the drawing. 



MODELS FROM SERIAL SECTIONS 



I 489. General Considerations on Modeling. — Anatomists have for a long 

 time produced models of gross anatomic specimens, and enlarged models for 

 minute details. 



Naturally after serial sections of embryos and organs came to be made 

 with considerable accuracy and of known thickness, there was a desire to 

 make enlarged models which should be exact representations of the original 

 rather than the generalized approximations built up as an artist produces a 

 statue. 



