GENERAL PRINCIPLES 



13 



dance" (D. H. Scott). (3) Conifers include the familiar Pines, 

 Spruces, etc., all of which have dense, cone-like clusters of very 

 simple flowers. 



2. Angiosperms all have their seeds enclosed in a case or ovary, 

 and have more highly developed, typical flowers as well as greater 

 complexity than the Gymnosperms. (1) Monocotyledons, such 

 as the familiar Palms, Grasses, Lilies, etc., produce only a single 

 leaf from the germinating seed, are endogenous, and usually have 

 parallel- veined, simple leaves. (2) Dicotyledons, such as Oaks, 

 Roses, and many other familiar plants, produce two leaves from 

 the emlnyo, are exogenous, and usually have net-veined leaves. 



Sub-kingdoms 

 I. Protozoans. 

 II. Porifers (e.g. Sponges). 



III. CffiLENTERATES. 



Animals. 1 



Classes 

 Rhizopods 



f 1. Foraminifers (calcareous 



{ shelled). 



i 2. Radiolarians (siliceous shelled) . 



I Not fossil. 



IV. ECHINODERMS. 



1. Hydrozoans (e.g. Jelly-fishes, Graptolites) . 



2. Anthozoans (e.g. Corals). 



( 1. Cystoids (Bladder-like forms). 



1. Pelmatozoans. ; 2. Blastoids (Bud-like forms) 



2. Asterozoans. 



3. Echinozoans 



V. Vermes (e.g. Worms). Not important as fossils 

 VI. Molltjscoids. 



[3. Crinoids (Lily-like forms). 

 ( 1. Ophiuroids (e.g. Brittle-stars). 

 I 2. Asteroids (e.g. common Star-fishes). 

 f 1. Echinoids (e.g. Sea-urchins). 

 2. Holothuroids (e.g. Sea-cucumbers). 



VII. MOLLUSKS. 



1. Bryozoans (e.g. Sea-mosses). 



2. Brachiopods (e.g. Lamp-shells). 



1. Pelecypods (e.g. Oysters, Clams). 



3* ' \ Not common as fossils. 



4. Gastropods (e.g. Snails). 



i 1. Tetrabranchs (e.g. Ammonites, 



5. CephalopodsU oSchsle.g. Squids, Cuttle- 



fishes) . 



VIII. Arthropods. 



IX. Vertebrates. 



f 1. Merostomes (e.g. Horse-shoe 

 I Crabs). 



1. Crustaceans. { 2. Trilobites. 

 | 3. Eucrustaceans (e.g. Crabs, 

 ( Lobsters) . 



2. Arachnids (e.g. Spiders, Scorpions, Eurypterids). 



3. Myriapods (e.g. Centipedes). 



4. Insects (e.g. Grasshoppers, Flies). 



1. Ostracoderms (e.g. Armor-fishes). 



2. Fishes. 



3. Amphibians (e.g. Frogs, Salamanders). 



4. Reptiles (Lizards, Snakes). 



5. Birds. 



6. Mammals (e.g. Dog, Man). 



1 This classification is after Zittel with certain modifications and omissions. 



